英语翻译During recent years there has been a growing interest on sunscreen technology.The well known harmful effects of UVB and UVA radiation from the sun and artificial sources have led to the development of new and innovative filters.So far,sun

英语翻译During recent years there has been a growing interest on sunscreen technology.The well known harmful effects of UVB and UVA radiation from the sun and artificial sources have led to the development of new and innovative filters.So far,sun
英语翻译
During recent years there has been a growing interest on sunscreen technology.The well known harmful effects of UVB and UVA radiation from the sun and artificial sources have led to the development of new and innovative filters.So far,sunscreens have been designed to protect against erythema,that is mainly an UVB effect,but there is a number of sunscreens that can also protect against the long wavelengths of the UVA range.The customary use of sunscreens in the condition of exposure is recommended in order to reduce significantly the level of UV irradiation.Actually the official and internationally accepted method for sunscreen tests is the in vivo sun protection factor (SPF) method based on the COLIPA standard .The in vivo method is expensive and time consuming,factors that make it difficult to adopt in routine quality control.Moreover,in vivo tests to assess UVA protection,such as PPD or IPD ,often result in not reproducible and controversial results.As a consequence,a lot of efforts have been devoted to the development of in vitro techniques for assessing the photo-protection ability of sunscreen products.A sunscreen in vitro test is based on absorbance or reflectance measurements of sunscreen applied on suitable UV transparent substrates.These methods produce estimates of protection factors which correlate with the results obtained in in vivo photo-testing of human subjects.In principle,the substrate should have optical and physical—chemical properties close to those of the skin.Most commonly adopted substrates are Transpore,Vitro-Skin,Roughened Quartz Plate and PMMA Plates .Studies performed using Excised Human Stratum Corneum and Excised Human Epidermis have been reported,but the biological nature of these materials introduces practical
problems.The choice of the substrate is a very critical issue as sunscreen tests performed on different substrates are not always reproducible ,especially when the substrate/sunscreen is irradiated
before or during the tests.Moreover,when a particular substrate is used other parameters can affect the final in vitro SPF value.It is well known that the correlation between in vitro and in vivo
data depends on the quantity of applied product and also from the formulation of the sunscreens.To obtain the correspondence between in vitro and in vivo SPF data,an initial calibration must be performed for different sunscreen products labeled by different SPF values.Calibration should be performed for each instrumentation used,each method adopted (substrates,sunscreen amount applied,etc.),and each type of sunscreen formula (lait,gel,etc.).However,different substrate materials can be suitable for in vitro tests.This paper describes the performance of a material,Teflon (PTFE),that has never been considered for SPF and photo-stability testing.

英语翻译During recent years there has been a growing interest on sunscreen technology.The well known harmful effects of UVB and UVA radiation from the sun and artificial sources have led to the development of new and innovative filters.So far,sun
在最近几年出现了越来越大的兴趣就防晒工艺众所周知有害影响UVB和长波紫外线的太阳辐射和人工源已导致发展新的和创新的过滤器.到目前为止,防晒霜的目的是为了防止红斑,这是主要是紫外线的效果,但有一些防晒霜还可以防止长期的紫外线波长范围内.习惯使用防晒霜中暴露的状况,建议,以便大大减少紫外线照射水平.事实上,官方和国际公认的方法是防晒测试体内防晒系数（ SPF值）方法的基础上COLIPA标准.体内方法昂贵而费时,因素,很难通过常规的质量控制.此外,在体内试验,以评估紫外线保护,如结核菌素或知识产权署,往往造成不重复性和有争议的结果.因此,大量的努力一直致力于发展技术,在体外进行评估的光保护能力防晒产品.防晒霜在体外试验的基础上吸收或反射测量上应用适当的防晒紫外线透明基板.这些方法生产的估计数的保护因素相关,所取得的成果在体内照片测试人的主题.原则上,应该有基板的光学和物理化学特性接近皮肤.最常采用基板Transpore ,体外皮肤,粗糙石英板和有机玻璃板.研究采用离人类角质层和离人类表皮的报告,但生物性质,这些材料介绍了实际
的问题.选择基板是一个非常关键的问题是防晒测试不同衬底上并不总是重现,尤其是当基板/防晒霜是辐照
之前或期间测试.此外,当某一基板用于其他参数可以影响最终的体外SPF值.众所周知,之间的相关性的实验研究
数据依赖于数量的产品,也适用于从制定防晒霜.以获取对应关系在体外和体内的SPF的数据,初步校准必须进行不同的防晒产品标示的SPF值的不同.校准应当为每个仪表使用,每一种方法通过（基板,防晒申请额等） ,以及每种类型的防晒配方（牛奶,凝胶等） .但是,不同的衬底材料可适合在体外试验.本文介绍了高性能的材料,特氟隆（聚四氟乙烯） ,这比以往任何时候都考虑SPF和光稳定性测试.