急求关于Sam Houston的英文演讲!英文!求英文稿,关于Sam Houston的生平和事迹,以及对美国历史的重要性.最好是关于他在田纳西州的生活,Republic of Texas,US Senator of Texas,和反对Civil War 这四方面.

急求关于Sam Houston的英文演讲!英文!求英文稿,关于Sam Houston的生平和事迹,以及对美国历史的重要性.最好是关于他在田纳西州的生活,Republic of Texas,US Senator of Texas,和反对Civil War 这四方面.
急求关于Sam Houston的英文演讲!英文!
求英文稿,关于Sam Houston的生平和事迹,以及对美国历史的重要性.最好是关于他在田纳西州的生活,Republic of Texas,US Senator of Texas,和反对Civil War 这四方面.

急求关于Sam Houston的英文演讲!英文!求英文稿,关于Sam Houston的生平和事迹,以及对美国历史的重要性.最好是关于他在田纳西州的生活,Republic of Texas,US Senator of Texas,和反对Civil War 这四方面.
中文
早期生活[编辑]
1793年生于弗吉尼亚州,他的父亲塞缪尔·休斯顿（Samuel Houston）是一名陆军少校,母亲为伊丽莎白.他是家中的第五个男孩,其祖先可以追溯至来自于苏格兰-爱尔兰地区的移民.童年时他在家乡当地一所学校学得一些简单的知识,13岁时父亲去世,母亲随后带着他们5个兄弟和3个妹妹前往了田纳西州.他们一家在马里兰小镇（Maryville）附近的一条溪流边经营着一家农场,然而休斯顿似乎并不喜欢农场生活.1809年时休斯顿离开农场,同田纳西河附近的切罗基人居住在一起,这一呆就是三年,期间也曾偶尔回家探望过几次.收养他的切罗基酋长还给他起了个切罗基语名字叫“乌鸦”,这段经历使得休斯顿对印第安人充满了感情.[1]
田纳西州的政治生涯[编辑]
1812年5月离开切罗基人后,休斯顿回到马里兰开设了一家学校,这所学校盈利颇丰.美英第二次战争爆发后,他参加了美国军队并立功,4个月后被升为中尉负责指挥第39步兵团.1814年3月,休斯顿在对抗同英国人结盟的克里克人的马掌弯（Horseshoe Bend）战役中负伤 ,不过他的英勇表现也受到了安德鲁·杰克逊将军的注意.1817年他任命了一个印第安人作为切罗基人的贸易代理,然而1818年2月当他率领一个切罗基人代表团前往华盛顿时,却因为穿着印第安服装受到了总统詹姆斯·门罗及战争部长约翰·卡德威尔·卡尔霍恩的责备.[2]
1818年,他辞去军职向詹姆斯·特林布尔（James Trimble）法官学习了半年法律,然后开始从事律师行业.1819年休斯顿获选为纳什维尔地区的公诉律师,4年后经由安德鲁·杰克逊推选成为了一名民主党议员,1825年时再次获选.[3]1827年,他当选田纳西州州长,2年后他迎娶了一位18岁少女埃莉萨·艾伦（Eliza Allen）为妻.这场婚姻是由艾伦的父亲约翰·艾伦上校强行安排的,夫妻两的关系并不好,结婚后没几个就分居了.4月16日休斯顿辞去了州长的职务,本来他是有指望成为杰克逊的继承人参选总统的.[1]7月份他回到了切罗基的部落并认识了一位后来成为他妻子的印第安女子蒂纳·罗杰斯（Tiana Rogers）.10月时他获得了印第安人的承认,成为了他们的一员.因为经常饮酒,他又获得了醉鬼的外号.12月中旬他作为切罗基人的代表前往华盛顿谈论贸易事项.之后又游览了美国东部多个地区,还在1830年1月遇见了安德鲁·杰克逊,31年8月母亲去后世休斯顿再度回到了家乡,后来在一条汽船上休斯顿还遇见了法国作家亚历西斯·托克维尔.[4]1832他接受了杰克逊总统的派遣来到了得克萨斯.
得克萨斯[编辑]
在德克萨斯,休斯顿先是代表纳科多奇斯（Nacogdoches）参与了1833年公约的修订,然后又开始积极参与德州的各项政治活动.休斯顿积极参加反对墨西哥的得克萨斯独立运动,1836年,得克萨斯宣布独立,休斯顿也当选为军队的指挥官.在经历了阿拉莫和戈利亚德的战役后,休斯顿逐渐控制了剩下的德克萨斯民兵.在圣哈辛托战役,休斯顿以少胜多,一举击败了墨西哥总统桑塔·安纳所率领的军队并俘虏了总统本人.这一仗的胜利使得得克萨斯的独立获得承认,9月休斯顿被选为德克萨斯共和国的首任总统.[5]为了纪念他,1836年成立了休斯顿市并将其作为共和国的首府.38年第一届总统任期结束,41年时休斯顿又再度竞选并供职到1844年.[2]
由于他支持并在得克萨斯实行奴隶制,美国国会反奴隶力量拒绝接受得克萨斯成为一个州.1845年,得克萨斯最后并入美国,1859年他成为州长.1861年,南北战争打响,得克萨斯州很多人支持南方,但休斯顿始终反对得克萨斯加入南方叛军.他由于拒绝宣誓支持美国南方邦联而被撤职,后退出政坛,1863年逝世.[1]
英文
Houston ran twice for governor of Texas as a Unionist, unsuccessfully in 1857, and successfully against Hardin R. Runnels in 1859. Upon election, he became the only person elected to serve as governor of two U.S. states by popular vote. (Whereas Thomas McKean and John Dickinson had each served as chief executives of Delaware and then of Pennsylvania in the late 18th century, and other state governors had also served as governors of American territory, they achieved at least one of their positions by indirect election or appointment.)
Although Houston was a slave owner and opposed abolition, he opposed the secession of Texas from the Union. An elected convention voted to secede from the United States on February 1, 1861, and Texas joined the Confederate States of America on March 2, 1861. Houston refused to recognize its legality, but the Texas legislature upheld the legitimacy of secession. The political forces that brought about Texas's secession were powerful enough to replace the state's Unionist governor. Houston chose not to resist, stating, "I love Texas too well to bring civil strife and bloodshed upon her. To avert this calamity, I shall make no endeavor to maintain my authority as Chief Executive of this State, except by the peaceful exercise of my functions ... " He was evicted from his office on March 16, 1861, for refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy, writing,
"Fellow-Citizens, in the name of your rights and liberties, which I believe have been trampled upon, I refuse to take this oath. In the name of the nationality of Texas, which has been betrayed by the Convention, I refuse to take this oath. In the name of the Constitution of Texas, I refuse to take this oath. In the name of my own conscience and manhood, which this Convention would degrade by dragging me before it, to pander to the malice of my enemies, I refuse to take this oath. I deny the power of this Convention to speak for Texas.I protest.against all the acts and doings of this convention and I declare them null and void.[30] "
He was replaced by Lieutenant Governor Edward Clark. To avoid more bloodshed in Texas, Houston turned down U.S. Col. Frederick W. Lander's offer from President Lincoln of 50,000 troops to prevent Texas's secession. He said, "Allow me to most respectfully decline any such assistance of the United States Government."
After leaving the Governor's mansion, Houston traveled to Galveston. Along the way, many people demanded an explanation for his refusal to support the Confederacy. On April 19, 1861 from a hotel window he told a crowd:
Let me tell you what is coming. After the sacrifice of countless millions of treasure and hundreds of thousands of lives, you may win Southern independence if God be not against you, but I doubt it. I tell you that, while I believe with you in the doctrine of states rights, the North is determined to preserve this Union. They are not a fiery, impulsive people as you are, for they live in colder climates. But when they begin to move in a given direction, they move with the steady momentum and perseverance of a mighty avalanche; and what I fear is, they will overwhelm the South.[31]