英语翻译The research under Erwin Reifler at the University of Washington (Seattle) epitomized the word-for-word approach; it involved the construction of large bilingual dictionaries where lexicographic information was used not only for selecting

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英语翻译TheresearchunderErwinReiflerattheUniversityofWashington(Seattle)epitomizedtheword-for-wordapproa

英语翻译The research under Erwin Reifler at the University of Washington (Seattle) epitomized the word-for-word approach; it involved the construction of large bilingual dictionaries where lexicographic information was used not only for selecting
英语翻译
The research under Erwin Reifler at the University of Washington (Seattle) epitomized the word-for-word approach; it involved the construction of large bilingual dictionaries where lexicographic information was used not only for selecting lexical equivalents but also for solving grammatical problems without the use of syntactic analysis.Entries gave English translations with rules for local reordering of output.The huge lexicon made extensive use was made of English 'cover terms' for Russian polysemes,the inclusion of phrases and clauses and the classification of vocabulary into sublanguages.After initial work on German and English,the group was engaged on the foundations of a Russian-English system for the 'photoscopic store',a large memory device rather similar to the laser disk.From 1958 practical development was directed by Gilbert King at the IBM Corporation (Yorktown Heights,New York).A system was installed for the US Air Force which produced translations for many years,until replaced in 1970 by Systran (see 7 below).By any standards the output was crude and sometimes barely intelligible,but,unlike some MT researchers at the time,King never made excessive claims for his system.With all its deficiencies,it was able to satisfy basic information needs of scientists.

英语翻译The research under Erwin Reifler at the University of Washington (Seattle) epitomized the word-for-word approach; it involved the construction of large bilingual dictionaries where lexicographic information was used not only for selecting
感谢之前抬爱,希望能够不负所望理解文章意味,供给译文和附加资料以参考.
The research under Erwin Reifler at the University of Washington (Seattle) epitomized the word-for-word approach;
【华盛顿大学(西雅图)的Erwin Reifler所指导的研究概述了逐字对译的方法.】
it involved the construction of large bilingual dictionaries where lexicographic information was used not only for selecting lexical equivalents but also for solving grammatical problems without the use of syntactic analysis.
【这种方法包含了一步大型的双语种字典,通过这部字典的信息不仅被用于选择同义的词汇,而且也用于在不需要进行句法分析的前提下解决语法问题.】
Entries gave English translations with rules for local reordering of output.
【输入条目通过适当的规则被输出成为重新排序的英文译本.】
The huge lexicon made extensive use was made of English 'cover terms' for Russian polysemes,the inclusion of phrases and clauses and the classification of vocabulary into sublanguages.
【这个由英文各类“覆盖范围”所构成的大型的词库在俄语的一词多义中得到广泛应用,这种多义性出现在短语,从句以及词汇的分门别类中.】
After initial work on German and English,the group was engaged on the foundations of a Russian-English system for the 'photoscopic store'【1】,a large memory device rather similar to the laser disk.
【经过在德文和英文上的初试,小组开始为研发“微光式存储技术"这一完全不同于镭射盘的高记忆设备而着手进行俄-英翻译系统的初步工作.】
From 1958 practical development was directed by Gilbert King at the IBM Corporation (Yorktown Heights,New York).
【从1958年起实践性研究由Gilbert King在纽约州约克镇高地的IBM公司里的负责指导.】
A system was installed for the US Air Force which produced translations for many years,until replaced in 1970 by Systran【2】 (see 7 below).
【这套能够生成翻译的系统曾被安装到美国空军的飞机上,并应用了很多年,直到1970年被Systran所取代.(见下面的7)】
By any standards the output was crude and sometimes barely intelligible,but,unlike some MT【3】 researchers at the time,King never made excessive claims for his system.With all its deficiencies,it was able to satisfy basic information needs of scientists.
【无论从哪方面看,翻译机的输出都是比较粗糙的甚至有些时候几乎不够智能化,但是,Gilbert King与当时的一些机译研究者不同,他没有对自己研究的系统提出过高的要求.即使它有许多缺陷,也已经能够满足科学家对基本信息的需求.】
译注:
【1】关于PHOTOSCOPIC STORE
The Translator can trace its history to a June 1953 contract from the US Navy to the International Telemeter Corporation (ITC) of Los Angeles.
这个翻译机的历史可以追溯到1953年6月美国海军与位于洛杉矶的国际遥测公司之间的协议.
This was not for a translation system,but a pure research and development contract for a high-performance photographic online storage medium consisting of small black rectangles embedded in a plastic disk.
协议的目的并非是为了做出一个翻译系统,而仅仅是为了研究和发展嵌在塑料磁盘内一个黑色小矩形中的高性能照片式在线存储介质的协议
When the initial contract ran out,what was then the Rome Air Development Center (RADC) took up further funding in 1954 and onwards.
当这份初始协议完成以后,美国空军罗姆妍制中心RADC与1954年接管其资金支持并继续发展该项目.
The system was developed by Gilbert King,chief of engineering at ITC,along with a team that included Louis Ridenour.
这个系统由国际遥测公司首席工程师Gilbert King带领团队完成,团队成员中有Louis Ridenour.
It evolved into a 16 inch plastic disk with data recorded as a series of microscopic black rectangles or clear spots.
后来这个存储介质演变成一个包含一些列微小的黑色矩形或清晰的圆点来记录数据的16英寸大小的塑料磁盘.
Only the outermost 4 inches of the disk were used for storage,which increased the linear speed of the portion being accessed.
只有最外层的4英寸的磁盘被用于存储,这增加了被访问部分的线性速度.
When the disk spun at 2,400 RPM it had an access speed of about 1 Mbit/sec.
当磁盘以2400 rpm的速度旋转是,读取速度大约为1兆/秒.
In total,the system stored 30 Mbits,making it the highest density online system of its era.
总而言之,该系统存储30兆位,使其成为当时密度最高的在线系统.
【2】Systran是由IBM公司开发的翻译系统.
【3】MT:Machine translation 机械式翻译

华盛顿大学(西雅图分校)的Erwin Reifler所做的研究可概括为逐字翻译法。该方法涉及到建立一个庞大的双语词典,其字典信息不仅可用于选择同义词,还能在不进行语法分析的情况下解决语法问题。各词目为英语翻译设定了本地输出重新排序的规则。
庞大的词典使得英语对俄语多义词的对应范围扩大,囊括了词组、短语、和词汇分类,形成了子语言系统。
经过前期对德语和英语的研究,该团体致力于为俄-英...

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华盛顿大学(西雅图分校)的Erwin Reifler所做的研究可概括为逐字翻译法。该方法涉及到建立一个庞大的双语词典,其字典信息不仅可用于选择同义词,还能在不进行语法分析的情况下解决语法问题。各词目为英语翻译设定了本地输出重新排序的规则。
庞大的词典使得英语对俄语多义词的对应范围扩大,囊括了词组、短语、和词汇分类,形成了子语言系统。
经过前期对德语和英语的研究,该团体致力于为俄-英翻译系统——一种叫做“反光镜仓库”的类似于光盘的大型记忆设备——奠定基础。
IBM公司(纽约约克郡高地分公司)的Gilbert King在1958年主持了一项应用研究。美国空军装上了翻译系统,直到1970年该系统才被Systran(见标题7)所取代。 虽然输出的结果无论以何种标准来看都非常简陋,有时候甚至难以理解,但King从来不像当时磁带研究者们那样夸大所研发系统的功能。尽管还有缺陷,该系统能够满足科学家的基本信息需求。

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楼主的这个问题反讽意味颇为浓厚,这篇文章是讨论电脑翻译 50 年来的历史,楼主反而拒绝翻译 软体提供的答案,有一点大水冲倒龙王庙。
逐字翻译方法以华盛顿大学西雅图分校的 Erwin Reifler 领导的研究最具代表性。他建构了一个大 型的双语辞典,其中词语的排序(Lexicographic)资讯不但用来选择最适当的词语,也被用来更正文 法错误而不需要使用传统的句法分析。经过翻译的英文输...

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楼主的这个问题反讽意味颇为浓厚,这篇文章是讨论电脑翻译 50 年来的历史,楼主反而拒绝翻译 软体提供的答案,有一点大水冲倒龙王庙。
逐字翻译方法以华盛顿大学西雅图分校的 Erwin Reifler 领导的研究最具代表性。他建构了一个大 型的双语辞典,其中词语的排序(Lexicographic)资讯不但用来选择最适当的词语,也被用来更正文 法错误而不需要使用传统的句法分析。经过翻译的英文输出前再改采英文常用的句型以及次序。 这个巨大的词语排序资讯使用大量的英文通用语取代俄文中的复义字。另外还有大量的片语及子 句,以及字汇的分类都建立在子系统里。
这个小组最初的研究是德-英语的翻译,随后这个小组开始了俄-英文翻译的基础研究,并开始使 用了最早的 Photoscopic Store 光学储存系统(一种类似雷射光碟的记忆体)
从 1958 年开始 Gilbert King 金恩领导的 IBM 小组开发了一套应用系统。美国空军装置了这套系统, 并且一直使用到 1970 年被新的 Systran 取代为止。从任何一套标准来衡量,这系统的翻译输出都 很粗糙,有些时候甚至无法辨识。可是金恩不像同时其他机器翻译的研究人员,他从未吹捧自己 的系统。尽管这套系统有许多缺陷,但是这系统相当程度可以满足科学家的基本需求。
楼下的翻译每个字我都看的懂,每一句话我也可以勉强对付,只是兜在一块完全不知所云

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在华盛顿大学的缩影(西雅图)研究根据欧文Reifler字对字的方法,它涉及到建设大型双语词典在词典资料不仅选择词汇等同,但也没有解决问题所采用的使用语法句法分析。参赛作品给予与当地的输出重新排序规则的英文译本。巨大的词汇作了广泛使用是英语'覆盖范围'俄罗斯polysemes,短语和从句的词汇和分类成子语言列入制成。德国和英国后的初步工作,该集团从事对俄罗斯,英国系统为基础的'photoscopic...

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在华盛顿大学的缩影(西雅图)研究根据欧文Reifler字对字的方法,它涉及到建设大型双语词典在词典资料不仅选择词汇等同,但也没有解决问题所采用的使用语法句法分析。参赛作品给予与当地的输出重新排序规则的英文译本。巨大的词汇作了广泛使用是英语'覆盖范围'俄罗斯polysemes,短语和从句的词汇和分类成子语言列入制成。德国和英国后的初步工作,该集团从事对俄罗斯,英国系统为基础的'photoscopic商店,大型存储设备,而类似的激光磁盘。从1958年的实际发展是导演吉尔伯特国王在IBM公司(Yorktown Heights的纽约)。一个系统安装美国空军用于制作多年的翻译,直到1970年改为软件集成(见7段)。以任何标准输出,有时几乎是原油和理解,但是,与当时一些研究者吨,国王对他的系统从来没有过多的要求。其所有的缺陷,它能够满足基本信息需求的科学家。

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英语翻译in the research phrase of job-hunting ‘the research isnt there 英语翻译前面需要加“The”不?The Research and Application 还是 Research and Application of the yyy system ,about the yyy system ,for the yyy system ,which one 英语翻译research into a disease. 英语翻译There has been some research on modeling and simulation of the railway transportation system 英语翻译翻译:The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed. 英语翻译What aspect of scientific research does the writer express concern about in paragraph 4 英语翻译the lines of research that were likely to prove most fruitful in general 英语翻译Head of the Korea Testing and Research Institute for Chemical Industry 初中英语翻译:The old in the home for the elder are taken to the hospital for medical research. 英语翻译performance of joint research projects is subject to the availability of funds to cover research and development expenses and to the execution of a mutually acceptable research agreement 英语翻译We are highly interdisciplinary research group dedicated to both basic and applied biomicrofluidics research.We are focusing on the research at the interface between biotechnology and biomedical sciences.We aim to provide unique bioengine the research on computer 还是 the research into computer? 英语翻译Hand & NagelCremeschutz und pflege der haut 英语翻译Hoffen und Harren mir zum Narren 英语翻译Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done.One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. 英语翻译‘Research through designing',a relatively recent approach to academic research that is being explored and is becoming well established at the authors' university,is briefly discussed. do the research on对吗