英语名词词组的构成,论文形式

英语名词词组的构成,论文形式
英语名词词组的构成,论文形式

英语名词词组的构成,论文形式
文章1:
Before we go any further,let's remind ourselves of what an noun phrase is.My definition is:
A noun phrase is either a pronoun or any group of words that can be replaced by a pronoun.For example,'they','cars',and 'the cars' are noun phrases,but 'car' is just a noun,as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
Q:Do you like cars?
A:Yes,I like them.
Q:Do you like the cars over there?
A:Yes,they are nice.
Q:Do you like the car I bought last week?
A:Yes,I like it.(Note:'It' refers to 'the car',not 'car')
If you are a little puzzled at this point,try and think of some further examples of noun phrases using the definition above,and compare your examples with simple nouns.
The structure of noun phrases.
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文章2:
Notice that several forms classes can be "reused." For example,in the noun phrase it is possible to use quantifiers to function as pre-determiners or as post-determiners.This kind of "recycling" is known as recursion.Notice also that phrases and even whole clauses can be "recycled" into the noun phrase.This process of placing a phrase of clause within another phrase of clause is called embedding.It is through the processes of recursion and embedding that we are able to take a finite number of forms (words and phrases) and construct an infinite number of expressions.Furthermore,embedding also allows us to construct an infinitely long structure,in theory anyway.
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文章3:
Noun phrases normally consist of a head noun,which is optionally modified ("premodified" If the modifier is placed before the noun; "postmodified" if the modifier is placed after the noun).Possible modifiers include:
determiners:articles (the,a),demonstratives (this,that),numerals (two,five,etc.),possessives (my,their,etc.),and quantifiers (some,many,etc.).In English,determiners are usually placed before the noun;
adjectives (the red ball); or
complements,in the form of a prepositional phrase (such as:the student of physics),or a That-clause (the claim that the earth is round);
modifiers; premodifiers if placed before the noun and usually either as nouns (the university student) or adjectives (the beautiful lady),or postmodifiers if placed after the noun.A postmodifier may be either a prepositional phrase (the man with long hair) or a relative clause (the house where I live).The difference between modifiers and complements is that complements complete the meaning of the noun; complements are necessary,whereas modifiers are optional because they just give additional information about the noun.
That noun phrases can be headed by elements other than nouns — for instance,pronouns (They came) or determiners ((I'll take these)) — has given rise to the postulation of a Determiner
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by skill 凭技术 pay by cash 凭现金支付
by appointment 凭预约 learn by rote 死记硬背
teach by example 身教 by invitation 凭请柬
by air 乘坐飞机 by hand 手工
by intuitio...

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by skill 凭技术 pay by cash 凭现金支付
by appointment 凭预约 learn by rote 死记硬背
teach by example 身教 by invitation 凭请柬
by air 乘坐飞机 by hand 手工
by intuition 凭直觉 by analysis 凭分析
by all means 用尽一切办法 by no means 决不，根本不
by means of 用，依靠 by way of 通过…的方法
by arrangement 通过安排 by contrast 对比之下
by force 用武力 by road 乘坐汽车，由公路
by plane/train/sea by one’s estimate 根据某人的估计
2) by表示“ 就……而言，按”：
by birth 按出身 by profession 按职业来说
by trade按职业来说 by nature 生来
by blood 按血统 by origin 就来源而言
by education 按所受教育 by religion 按宗教来说
by definition 根据定义 by night/day 夜间/白天
3) by表示“因……所致，由于”：
by chance 偶然，碰巧 by accident 偶然，碰巧
by mistake 由于错误 by luck 由于运气好
by design 由于谋划 by good fortune 由于运气好
by reason of 由于 by virtue of 由于，借助
by necessity 必然地，不可避免地

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