谁有初二英语下册语法知识?是人教版版的,谢谢!

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谁有初二英语下册语法知识?是人教版版的,谢谢!谁有初二英语下册语法知识?是人教版版的,谢谢!谁有初二英语下册语法知识?是人教版版的,谢谢!呵呵希望对你有所帮助祝楼主进步哈◆unit1Willpeopl

谁有初二英语下册语法知识?是人教版版的,谢谢!
谁有初二英语下册语法知识?
是人教版版的,谢谢!

谁有初二英语下册语法知识?是人教版版的,谢谢!
呵呵 希望对你有所帮助 祝楼主进步哈
◆unit 1 Will people have robots?
知识点:
形容词,副词的比较等级考查热点透视:
表示A与B在程度上相同时, “as+形容词或副词的原级+as”结构.表示A不如B时,可用“not as/so+形容词或副词的原级+as”结构.
表示A比B在程度上“更…..”时,可用“形容词或副词的比较级+than”结构
表示三者或三者以上的比较,其中一个在程度上“最…..”时,常用“the+形容词或副词的最高级”结构,后面可带“of/in的短语”来说明比较的范围.(注意:副词的最高级在句中常省略“the”.)
在形容词或副词的比较级前,可以用“a little, even, far, much,still”的等词语来修饰,以加强语气.
表示“越来越….”时,常用“形容词或副词的比较级+and+形容词或副词的比较级”结构,但要注意,对于多音节和部分双音节形容词,副词而言,若要表达此意时,要用“more and more+形容词或副词的原级“结构.
在表示“其中最….之一“的含义时,常使用 “one of+the+形容词最高级形式+名词复数”结构,其中的定冠词the不可以省略.
如果强调“两者中比较…的(一个)”的意思时,可使用“the+形容词比较级+其它”结构.
表示“越….越….”, 可使用“the+形容词或副词的比较级,the+形容词或副词的比较级”结构.
2 .一般将来时
一般将来时的构成:由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成,shall用于第一人称.在口语中,will在名词或代词后常简略为’ll, will not常简略为won’t.这个时态的肯定,否定和疑问结构可表示如下:
肯定句 否定句 疑问句
I (We)shall(will) go.
You(He, She, They) will go. I(We)shall(will) not go.
You(He, She, They)will not go. Shall I(we) go?
Will you (he, she, they) go?
用”be going to +动词原形”也可表示将来时,表示将要发生的事,打算或决定要做的事.
b)一般将来时的用法:1)表示将要发生的动作或情况;2) 不以人的意志为转移,肯定要发生的事情.The day after tomorrow will be National Day.后天是国庆日.
3. in/after:in是指以现在时间为起点的“在一段时间以后”.也可以表示“在将来多少时间之内”,句子中的谓语动词要用一般将来时态;after常指以过去时间为起点的“一段时间之后”,所以它与过去时态连用.当after指某个特定的未来时刻或日期之后,或指以将来某一时间为起点的若干时间之后时,它可以与将来时态连用.
4.more, less, fewer的用法区别:more为many, much的比较级,意为“更多”,可修饰可数与不可数名词.Less是little的比较级,意为“更好,较少”,修饰不可数名词.Fewer是few的比较级,意为“更少”,修饰可数名词复数.
【注意】few, little表示否定“几乎没有”.a few, a little表示肯定“一点,几个”.
5.would like sth意思为“想要某物“; would like to do意思为”想要做某事“.回答would like句型的一般疑问句时,其肯定回答为 “Yes, please.”;否定回答“No, thanks”或 “I’d like /love to, but….”
6. Such作形容词,意思是“如此的”“这样的”,修饰各种名词.
Such这样的.如It is such bad weather.天气如此恶劣.
Such常和as搭配,表示一种类别.如We enjoy such a voice as hers.我们喜欢象她那样的嗓子.
Such常和表示结果的that从句搭配,表示“如此….以至于…”如
It was such a hot day that we all had to stay at home.
Such…that…和so…that…都可用来引出一个结果状语从句.由于such是形容词,所以that从句前有一个受such修饰的名词;而so 是副词,用以修饰形容词或副词,因此that从句前一般不出现名词.如
They are such kind-hearted teachers that people in the village all respect them.
The exam was so difficult that many students failed to pass it.
如果名词是可数名词的单数形式,such和so的位置不同:
such+a/an+形容词+单数名词
so+形容词+a/an+单数名词
如果名词是不可数名词或名词复数,只可用such,不能用so.:
such+形容词+不可数名词或复数名词
如果被修饰的不可数名词被much, little, 或复数名词被many, few等表示量的形容词修饰时,用so,不用such.
当little表示“年纪小的”时,可用such+little+名词.
7.be able to 为“能,会”,表示能力,在这个意义上与can的意思相同,一般情况下两者可以互换,但can只有现在式和过去式(could)而be able to则用于更多的时态,主要体现在be的变化.两者在用法上有一些差异:can (could)表示主观能力不表示意愿,它的将来时用will be able to而 be able to表示主观意愿强调克服困难做某事.
◆unit 2 What should I do?
知识点:
1..loud是形容词,loud-louder-loudest意思是“响亮的”;作副词时,常与talk, sing, laugh 等词连用,如speak loud; loudly “大声地”带有喧闹的意味,常用来修饰shout, cry, call, knock等动词,通常没有比较级和最高级,作状语;aloud 副词,出声地,大声地,仅指发出声音(以使能被听得见).
2.Enough为形容词,意思是“足够的”;enough +n.修饰名词enough money; adj/adv+enough修饰形容词或副词;enough to do 足够做某事
3.present, gift礼物:gift带有一定的感情色彩,通常指昂贵的“礼物”,强调送礼人的诚意,有时有“捐赠”之意,多用于正式场合;present指为表达情谊,敬意或出于礼节,在某特定时刻或场合赠送的“礼物”,此礼物价值不一定高.make sb a present of把…作为礼物送给
4.borrow, lend: borrow“借入,借给”即说话人向他人借东西borrow sth from sb.; lend-lent-lent“借出,借给”即说话人把自己的东西借给他人lend sb sth= lend sth to sb
5 except,besides除…之外: except除了…都,besides强调“除了…之外还有…”在no one, nobody, nothing等词后加介词but也表示“除了”.
6.find out, find, look for: find out“找出,发现,查明”多指通过调查,询问,打听,研究之后搞清楚,弄明白或指找出较难找到的,无形的抽象的东西;find“找到,发现”通常指找到或发现有形的东西也可指偶然发现某物的某种情况,强调找的结果;look for“寻找”强调动作.
7.talk about谈到,谈论;talk of谈到,说到;have a talk with与..谈谈,做报告;talk to sb对…谈话;talk with sb与…交谈;talk to sb和talk with sb 均表示“和某人谈话”,“讲话”.talk to sb比较常用,侧重一方谈,一方听;talk with sb侧重双方交谈;talk about sb则表示“谈论某人”
8.miss 和lose:miss意思为“发现丢失”“觉得不在”;lose意思为“丢失”“失去”.在本质上,miss是一种主观感觉,而lose是一种客观结果.
9.be used to doing习惯于做某事;used to do过去常常,暗含与现在明显的不同,只用于过去时;be used to do是use的被动语态,意思是….被用来做某事.
10.own 与 have: own强调的是拥有,占有某物为自己的财产,但所占有的东西目前不一定是由人使用,强调所有权;have为普通动词,表示的所有关系.own +n. egWho owns the dog? ;own +宾语+宾补 eg. He owns himself wrong.;own+从句eg. He owns that he is wrong. ;of one’s own完全属于某人自己的;on one’s own独立地,自愿地;with one’s own ears亲耳
11. attend, join, take part in: attend“出席,参加,上学”attend school 上学,attend meeting出席会议;take part in 参加,是指参与某项活动 take an active part in积极参加;join 参加,当join用于加入某个团体或组织,成为其中的一员,后面直接跟名词,当join表示参加某项活动时后面跟介词in .
◆unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?
知识点:
过去进行时
过去进行时由“was/were+动词ing形式”构成.以动词work为列,其肯定式,否定式,疑问式以及简略答语见下表:
肯定式:I/He/She/It was working. We/You/ They were working.
否定式:I/He/She/It was not working. We/You/They were not working.
疑问式和简略答语:Was I working? Yes, you were.
Was he working? No, he wasn’t.
【注意】was not常简略为wasn’t; were not常简略为weren’t
过去进行时的用法:过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作.这一特定的过去时间,除有上,下文暗示以外,一般用时间状语来表示
not …until直到…才.表示动作在某时之前尚未开始,直到此时动作才开始.not…until可以用after或when来代替,但主句谓语动词要用肯定形式.Until为连词时后接时间状语从句,until作介词时,后面接表示时间的名词.Until 用于肯定句多表示动作或状态一直延续到until所表示的时间为止,意思为“直到…” from..till…中till往往表示不太具体的时间.From …to…或from…until常用来表示具体的时间.
find it…to do,it在此句中为形式宾语代表动词不定式,动词不定式为真正的宾语,常用于这种用法的动词有find, feel, think, make等.
“疑问词+不定式“结构相当于一个名词性从句,常常可用同等成分的从句代替.改写时,只需在疑问词后面加一个适当的主语(这个主语一般与主句的主语一致),并将不定式改成适当形式的谓语即可.如,Where to go is still a question.= Where we should go is still a question.
when 与while:when连接的状语从句是个特殊句型,“前一个分句(谓语动词用过去进行时)+when(作并列连词,意思为“这时,突然”)+后一个分句(谓语动词用一般过去时)”表示在前一个动作正在进行的过程中突然发生了后一个动作, when强调动作的突然性,when后面的动词为非延续性动词;while表示“在….过程中”,强调在一段时间内,所以while引导的从句中的谓语动词必须为延续性动词.在状语从句中,若从句放在句首时,应用逗号与主句隔开.
感叹句的构成:What +a/an+形容词+单数名词+主语+谓语!What a good book it is!
What+形容词+复数可数名词+主语+谓语!What easy questions they are!
What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!What cold weather it is!
How+形容词+主语+be动词!How nice the watch is!
How +副词+主语+谓语!How hard they are working!
8.take place, happen“发生”:take place指“发生事先计划或预想到的事物”;happen指“一切客观事情或情况的偶然或未能预见地发生”.两者都是不及物动词或短语,后面不能跟宾语,也不能用于被动语态;happen的意义很广泛,而take place 仅用于历史上的事件,集会等,是先行布置而后发生或举行的事件,它不用于地震等自然界的现象.
happen to do 巧遇 sth happens to sb某人遭遇某事
9.不定代词all, both, each,every与not连用时,只表示部分否定,在否定句中用and连接两个宾语,表语,定语,状语时,只表示部分否定,并且否定 and后面的部分;如用or连接句中两个部分,则表示全部否定.如,She isn’t a bright and beautiful girl.她并不是一个既聪明又漂亮的女孩.(部分否定) She isn’t a bright or beautiful girl.她是一个既不聪明又不漂亮的女孩.(全部否定).
◆unit 4 He said I was hard-working.
知识点:
在称述句中直接引语和间接引语的转换:
直接引语:说话人直接引用别人的原话.
间接引语:说话人用自己的话把别人的意思转述出来.
直接引语一般前后要加引号;间接引语不用引号.
规则:1)人称变化:从句中的第一人称多改为第三人称;第二人称根据情况改为第一或第三人称;第三人称不变.2)时态变化:如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语变为间接引语时从句的谓语动词在时态方面要做以下变化:
直接引语 间接引语
一般现在时 一般过去时(客观真理除外)
一般将来时 过去将来时
现在进行时 过去进行时
如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句的动词时态保持不变;直接引语如果是客观真理变为间接引语时,时态保持不变.3)其他指示代词,时间状语,地点状语和动词等的变化.直接引语中的一些指示代词,时间状语和地点状语须作相应的变化:
直接引语 间接引语
指示代词 this这 these这些 that那 those那些
时间状语 now现在 then那时
today 今天 that day 那天
tonight 今晚 that night那天晚上
this week 这星期 that week那个星期
yesterday 昨天 the day before前一天
last week 上星期 the week before前一个星期
ago以前 before 以前
tomorrow明天 the next/following day第二天
next week 下星期 the next week 第二个星期
地点状语 here 这里 there 那里
动词 come来 go 去
【注意】1)直接引语中的时间状语根据实际情况转述为间接引语时,有时不需要改变,如tomorrow.如果转述的动作发生在当天,无需改变;如果转述的动作不在当天,则需将tomorrow变为the next day.
2.habit, practice, custom: habit指“个人由于自然条件,社会环境,爱好或经常接触而导致可以为常的行为或特性”;practice语气比habit弱,指“个人或大家都习惯了的做法或工作与生活的方式.”;custom指“经过一段时期在某人,地区或社会中形成的传统习惯或风俗.”
3.bring, take, carry: bring指“从别处把东西或人带来”“拿来”,表示将人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的位置的这个动作;take指“把东西带走或拿走”,表示将人或物拿开或带离说话者所在的位置的这个动作; carry指“随身携带(不说明方向)有时含有 “负担”的意思.
4.Surprise用法:1)surprise作名词,表示“惊奇,诧异”;2)surprise作几物动词(后接某人作宾语)表示“使…惊奇”;surprise的过去分词作表语,表示“感到惊奇”;to one’s surprise表示“使…吃惊的是”;be surprised at sth/sb表示“对…感到惊奇”.
5.however 与 but:两者均可作“但是,然而”,而且都引出并列分句.从语义上看,but所表示的是非常明显的对比,转折的意味较however要强;从语法上看,but是并列连词,而however却是连接副词;从语序上看,but总是位于所引出的分句前,而however却可位于句首,句中和句末,但是译成汉语时一定要把它放在分句之首;从标点符号上看,but之后一般不使用逗号,而however则必须用逗号分开.However当连词用时,“无论以何种方式,不管怎样”,引导让步状语从句.
6.first, at first与first of all:1)first可以做副词,意思是“首先,第一次,最初地”,指第一次做某事或首先做某事,first还可以用作形容词,意思是“第一的,最初的,主要的,一流的”,first作名词,意思是“首要,第一,最初”2)at first的意思是“起初,当初”,指刚刚开始做某事的时候,暗示后来的情况有所改变3)first of all的意思是“第一,最初,首先”,同first的用法相同,但语气上比first要强,常常用来加强语气.
7.true, real: true意思为“真的”“真正的”,强调与实际相符,而不是杜撰的,它与real相对.与to连用,意思是“忠实的”,true用作名词,与定冠词the连用,表示“真实,真理”等;real无此意.Real是形容词,强调客观存在的“真实”“实在”,不是想象的.
8.above, on,over:三者都有“在…上”之意.1)on表示两者上下紧贴在一起2)over表示一种直接的垂直概念,但没有上下紧贴的意思,反义词为under.3)above既不表示垂直的上下概念,也无相互紧贴的意思,反义词是below.
◆unit5 If you go to the party, you’ll have a great time.
知识点:
If引导的条件状语从句:1)构成:if引导的条件状语从句表示“如果…”.构成形式为“主句+一般将来时时态+if从句+一般现在时态”,或“If从句+一般现在时态,主句+一般将来时态”.2)用法:表示假设或条件
half 与half of的用法:1)half the class中的“half”为形容词,意思“一半的,半个的”2) “half of+代词/the+名词”中的half为名词,意思为“一半,半个”.当该结构在句子作主语时,谓语动词必须和该词组中的代词或名词保持数的一致.即当代词或名词为单数时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;若所接名词或代词为复数,则谓语动词用复数形式.
3. all the time与always: all the time是个副词性的短语,意思为“一直”“始终”,表示某一特定阶段开始一直到结束,不表示频度,多置于句末.除此,all the time还有“不断”的意思;always为表示频度的副词,意思为“总是”,表示动作的反复,状态的继续,中间没有间断,其反义词为never.它与进行时态连用时,常翻译成“总是”,“老是”,带有赞美,厌烦,不满等感情色彩.
4.Enough的用法:1)enough to do sth表示“足够…可以做…”2)enough也可以用“for+宾语+to do sth的结构”3)enough修饰名词时前面不用冠词4)当主语是代词时,enough可以作表语.当主语是名词时,enough能做表语.
5.Choose的用法:1)choose+名词 意思为“选择…”;2)choose+between/from从…中选择;3)choose to do选择做某事
6.Exercise的用法:1)运动,锻炼,是不可数名词2)体操,练习,是可数名词.3)动词,使….运动
7.wear, put on, have on, dress: wear“穿着”“戴着”,表示状态,是延续性动词,一般现在时表示经常状态,现在进行时表示暂时状态;put on“穿上”“戴上”,表示动作,是非延续性动词;have on“穿着”“戴着”,表示状态可以与wear互换;dress“穿上”“穿着”,既表示状态,也表示动作,既可以作及物动词,也可以作不及物动词.Dress作及物动词,表示“给自己或别人穿(衣服)”,宾语是人,常用被动语态.dress oneself给.穿衣服.dress up化装
8.a lot, a lot of与lots of三者都有“许多,很多”的意思.a lot of, lots of一般用于肯定句,后接可数名词复数或不可数名词;a lot作名词时=a lot of thins,作副词,修饰动词或形容词,副词比较级.

Unit 4 He said I was hard-working
[重点词组](Key Phrases)
first of all 首先
pass on 传递
be supposed to 被期望或被要求... ...
do better in 在......方面做得更好...

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Unit 4 He said I was hard-working
[重点词组](Key Phrases)
first of all 首先
pass on 传递
be supposed to 被期望或被要求... ...
do better in 在......方面做得更好
be in good health 身体健康
report card 成绩单
get over 克服;恢复;原谅
open up 打开
care for 照料;照顾
have a party for sb. 为某人举行一次聚会
be mad at sb 生某人的气
[交际用语]
1. She said she was mad at Marcia.
2. Ben told Lana that Marcia was going to have a surprise party for her.
3. He told me he would call me tomorrow / the next day.
4. She said she could speak three languages.
5. He said he went to the beach every Saturday.
[重点难点释义](Language Points)
1.I asked her why she wanted to do that, and she said that she had forgotten to do hers.我问她为什么要那么做,她说她忘记做作业了。
forget to do sth. 忘记做某事 (还没有做)
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事 (已经做过了)
e.g.
When you leave the classroom, don’t forget to turn off the lights.
离开教室时,别忘记关灯。
I forgot meeting him before. 我不记得以前见过他了。
类似的还有:
remember to do sth. 记得做某事 (还没有做)
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事 (已经做过了)
e.g.
“Remember to finish your homework on time, Li Ming”, his mother said.
李明妈妈说,“记得按时完成作业。”
I remember telling this story for several times.
我记得这个故事给你讲过好几次了。
2. I said I didn’t think it was a good idea for her to copy my homework.
我说,抄我的作业并不是什么好事。
注意的think 用法:如果think 引导的宾语从句,其从句表示否定意思时,不是否定从句,而是否定主句。
e.g. 翻译下列句子:
我认为给你父亲说这件事的时机还不成熟。
I don’t think it is the right time for you to tell your father about that.
我认为他不是一个好演员。 I don’t think he is a good actor.
我认为你说的并不正确。 I don’t think you are right.
3. Yesterday she told me she was sorry she’d gotten mad.
昨天她告诉我,她为自己当时生气而抱歉。
4. Nowadays, many students prefer using English names in a language classroom.
如今,许多学生喜欢在上语言课的时候用英文名字。
prefer的用法: prefer v. 更喜欢;宁愿
prefer sth. to sth. 喜欢…胜过…
prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢…而不喜欢…
prefer to do rather than do 宁愿…而不愿…
e.g.
Do you prefer coffee or tea? 你喜欢咖啡还是茶?
He prefers talking to doing. 他喜欢说,却不喜欢做。
They prefer to die rather than surrender. 他们宁死不屈。
5. And for young people, having an English name is cool for them when they talk to their foreign pen pals.
而且对年轻人来说,有了英文名字,和笔友交谈时也很酷。
having an English name … 中having 是动词ing形式, 用来做主语。
e.g.
Getting up early every day is his good habit. 每天早起是他的习惯。
Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的运动。
6. Learning English and having English names are both popular in China.
They are also important for China’s contact with the world.
学习英语,而且有英文名字在中国很流行。这些对中国和世界的接触也很重要。
contact的用法:
contact n.
e.g.
be in contact with 和...接触, 有联系
They have been in contact with each other for five years.
他们互相保持联系已经有五年了。
She comes into contact with many people. 她和许多人有联系。
contact v.
e.g.
She contacted me as soon as she arrived. 她一到就和我联系了。
7. On the other hand, some people who come to China choose Chinese names
另一方面,一些人来到中国,也起了中文名字。
on one hand 一方面…
on the other hand 另一方面…
e.g.
On one hand, he is a clever boy; on the other hand, he always makes his mother angry.
一方面,他是个聪明的孩子;可另一方面,他老惹母亲生气。
语法知识
1.直接引语(Direct Speech)是指原封不动的引用原话,把它放在引号内,例如:
Mother told me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can go out and play with your friends.”
They said, “We want to have a rest.”
间接引语(Reported Speech,又叫Indirect Speech)即用自己的话加以转述,被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是:
Mother told me that I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends.
They said they wanted to have a rest.
2.当我们把直接引语变成间接引语时,由于引述动词(said,told等)一般都是过去时形式,因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况:
1)现在时间推移到过去时间
所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时,现在进行时变成过去进行时,现在完成时变成过去完成时。例如:
She said, “I am hungry.”
-> She said (that) she was hungry.
He said, “The family are fighting among themselves.”
-> He said (that) the family were fighting among themselves.
Tom said, “I have found what’s wrong with the computer.”
-> Tom said he had found what was wrong with the computer.
在下列场合,尽管陈述动词为过去时形式,间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变,即:
a) 当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时:
He said, “The word ‘laser’ is an acronym(首字母缩略词).”
-> He said the word ‘laser’ is an acronym.
b)当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时:
“I’m forty,” he said.
-> He said he is forty.
c) 当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时:
He said, “It must be pretty late. I really must go.”
-> He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.
He said, “You mustn’t smoke in the room.”
-> He said I mustn’t smoke in the room.
2)过去时间推移到过去的过去
这里需要注意以下几点:
a) 当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时,一般过去时要变成过去完成体。
例如:
He said, “I didn’t know you.”
-> He said he hadn’t known me.
当“过去的过去”已经不言自明,或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现,或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时,一般过去时形式可以不变。例如:
Ann said, “She was born in 1981.”
-> Ann said she was born in 1981.
b)过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时,也可以不变。例如:
Robert said, “I was joking with Mary.”
-> Robert said he had been joking with Mary.
Robert said he was joking with Mary.
c) 过去完成时仍为过去完成时,不需改变。例如:
He said, “We hadn’t returned to the store when she came.”
-> He said they hadn’t returned to the store when she came.
d)时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如:
John said, “When I lived in London I often saw Jane.”
-> John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane.
John said when he lived in London he often saw Jane.
3)将来时间推移到过去将来时间
最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如:
He said, “We’re spending next weekend at home.”
-> He said they were spending the next weekend at home.
She said, “The milk will go off(变质)if you don’t drink it today.”
-> She said the milk would go off if I didn’t drink it that day.
They said, “We’re going to Hawaii this summer vacation.”
-> They said they were going to Hawaii that summer vacation.
但是,在引述时,如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间,
那么,可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如:
He said, “I’ll be waiting for you tomorrow.”
-> He said he will be waiting for me tomorrow.
4)人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化
由上面的例子可以看出,当直接引语变成间接引语时,除动词时态变化外,人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。
a) 人称代词,除引述本人原话外,通常第一、二人称变为第三人称,或者第二人称变为第一人称;限定词也作相应的变化。例如:
He said, “We love our country.”
-> He said they love their county.
b)指示代词this,these分别变成that/it,those/they或them;指示限定词this,those通常变为that,those或the。例如:
“This house is very expensive,” she said.
-> She said that house was very expensive.
The children came back with two wallets and said, “We picked these up on the pavement.”
-> The children came back with two wallets and said they had picked them up on the pavement.
c) 时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况:
i)时间状语和动词时态两者都变。例如:
He said, “It was completes a year ago.”
-> He said it had been completed a year before.
ii)时间状语不变,动词时态可变可不变。例如:
She said, “ We left Paris at 8 a.m.”
-> She said they had left Paris at 8 a.m.
She said they left Paris at 8 a.m.
iii)时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定,如果引述时间和说话时间(如同一年、同一月、同一天等),时间状语可不变。例如:
Mr. Black said, “We started learning Chinese last month.”
-> Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese last month. (同一月引述)
-> Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese the previous month. (可在同一月引述,也可不在同一月引述)
时间状语在间接引语中的变化规则如下:
直接引语 间接引语
today that day
this morning/afternoon, etc. that morning/afternoon, etc.
yesterday the day before, the previous day
(the) day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next day, the following day
(the) day after tomorrow two days after, in two days’ time
next week/month, etc. the next week/month, etc.
last week/month the week/month before
now then
d) 地点状语here通常变为there;但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地,可仍用here,也可用具体地点代替here。例如:
She said, “I first met your brother here.”
-> She said she first met my brother there.
“Are the children here?” Father asked.
-> Father asked whether the children were here

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