英语翻译IntroductionMost codes provide minimum safety requirements and limitthemselves to a minimum safety standard by specifying that minimumrequirement which has historically protected life and theydo not evaluate the structure performance afte

英语翻译IntroductionMost codes provide minimum safety requirements and limitthemselves to a minimum safety standard by specifying that minimumrequirement which has historically protected life and theydo not evaluate the structure performance afte
英语翻译
Introduction
Most codes provide minimum safety requirements and limit
themselves to a minimum safety standard by specifying that minimum
requirement which has historically protected life and they
do not evaluate the structure performance after the onset of damage.
Performance-based seismic design \1PBSD\2 is a different
safety paradigm that has recently emerged from the Federal
Emergency Management Agency and is receiving much attention.
PBSD is a methodology that allows engineers to consider spending
more resources to achieve quantifiably higher performance,
thereby reducing risk \1FEMA-349\2.Hence,the seismic structural
performance of critical structures such as dams,nuclear containment
vessels,and offshore structures,could be improved through
appropriate nonlinear analysis provided that a suitable model can
be used.For most concrete structures,their “Achilles heel” is the
low tensile strength; this problem is further compounded when
they are also subjected to the cyclic load generated by a seismic
excitation.
In dams,for instance,the main \1if not only\2 source of material
nonlinearity is the jointed nature of lift joints,cracks,rock joints,
expansion joint,or the concrete–rock interfaces.Despite their different
origin,all these discontinuities can be generically characterized
as “joint” to be modeled through a single generalized
formulation \1Puntel 2004\2.On a smaller scale,there are numerous
instances of unreinforced cracks such as old reinforced concrete
beams with no shear reinforcement,cracks radiating from an anchor,
or cracks caused by a corroding rebar \1Hansen and Saouma
1999\2.
Joint models abound in the literature and have reached levels
of significant sophistication and maturity,especially when examined
through the prisms of fracture mechanics,plasticity,or damage
mechanics.However,most of them are inherently developed
under the assumption of monotonic loading conditions,thus disregarding
specific features of reversed cyclic loading; in some
cases this can lead to gross mistakes such as unsafe overestimation
of joint opening.This deficiency is partly explained by the
comparatively small number of test data and by the concurrent
lack of experimentally derived relationships.
As such,this paper addresses the scarcity in relevant tests.
First,a complex experimental setup will be described,and results
reported.Then,a model previously developed by the writers
\1Puntel et al.2006\2 will be refined to account for the test results
obtained.Finally,the numerical response of both the existing and
updated joint models will be compared with the experimental one

英语翻译IntroductionMost codes provide minimum safety requirements and limitthemselves to a minimum safety standard by specifying that minimumrequirement which has historically protected life and theydo not evaluate the structure performance afte
引言
大多数设计（理论）都规定了最低安全要求并局限于通过具体指出历史上保护过生命的最低要求来制定最低安全标准.这些设计（理论）没有对受损后的结构性能进行评估.联邦应急管理机构最近提出的基于性能的抗震设计（PBSD）（理论）是一种不同的安全模式,正越来越受到重视.PBSD这种方法允许工程师考虑花更多的资源,实现更高的性能,从而降低风险（联邦紧急事务管理局- 349）.因此,只要采用合适的模型就可以通过适当的非线性分析提高重要建筑,如水坝,核安全壳和沿海建筑的抗震结构性能.大多数混凝土结构的“软肋”是抗拉强度低,在地震作用产生的循环负载作用下,情况会更加严重.
比如,在水坝,主要的（如果不是唯一的）材料非线性来源是浇灌横接缝,裂缝,岩石节理,伸缩缝,或混凝土-岩石接口的有缝性.尽管源头不同,但是所有这些不连续处,可以笼统地称为“节点”,进而通过主要公式（Puntel 2004）来建模.规模较小的建筑,有很多无筋裂缝的实例,比如无抗剪钢筋的旧钢筋混凝土梁,从锚辐射的裂缝,或钢筋腐蚀造成的裂缝（汉森和萨乌马 1999 ）.
文献中包含丰富的接头模型,而且这些接头模型已经非常成熟和完善,尤其从断裂力学,塑性,或损伤力学的角度来看.但是,这些接头模型大多是在假设负载条件单一的情况下建立的,从而忽视了循环负载的具体情况；在某些情况下,这可能会导致严重错误,比如危险的高估开口宽度.相对较少的测试数据和缺乏实验得出的关系在一定程度上对这一缺陷做出了解释.
因此,本文试图解决相关测试稀缺的问题.首先,描述复杂的实验方案,并报告实验结果.然后,改进已有模型\1Puntel et al.2006\2 来解释得到的实验结果.最后,比较已有及最新接头模型和实验接头模型的数值反应.
都是我自己翻译的,专有名词主要参考金山词霸和CNKI翻译助手.不过由于缺乏建筑学方面的专业知识,肯定有些翻译不到位.所以仅作参考.

我能给你人工翻译,不过太长了呢,朋友