求一些美国文学的相关概念的解释.

求一些美国文学的相关概念的解释.
求一些美国文学的相关概念的解释.

求一些美国文学的相关概念的解释.
What Is Lost Generation? The term “Lost Generation” came from Gertrude Stein, who had a salon in her house for English and American expatriates in Paris. The Phrase was a remark she made to a mechanic in Hemingway’s presence that “You are all a lost generation.” It was used by Ernest Hemingway as a motto in his novel The Sun Also Rises, whose hero, the emasculated Jack Barnes, is often considered the archetypal man of the generation. It is widely applied to young English and American expatriates as well men and women caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. They aimlessly wandered about the Continent, drinking, making love, and traveling from place to place and from party to party. These activities seem to justify their search for new meaning to replace the old ones. Yet in fact, they were lost in disillusionment and existential voids. They indulged in hedonism in order to make their life less unbearable. 斯泰因曾经当海明威的面对一位汽车修理工说过：“ 你们都是迷悯的一代.”海明威把这句话用作《太阳照样升起》 这部小说的题辞.由于小说写出这一代人的失望情绪,《 太阳照样升起》成了“迷悯的一代”的代表作. ------------------------------ ------------------------ American Naturalism I. Definition The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment (indifference) to its study of human beings. For naturalistic writers, since human beings are, in Emile Zola's phrase, "human beasts," characters can be studied through their relationships to their surroundings. Unlike realism, which focuses on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position. Naturalistic writers thus used a version of the scientific method to write their novels; they studied human beings governed by their instincts and passions as well as the ways in which the characters' lives were governed by forces of heredity and environment. ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -------- Lecture 6 The Age of Realism I. Brief on Realism 1. Economic & Cultural Background: 1). influence of the Civil War 2). influence of 1880’s urbanization 3). influence of the close of American frontier 2． William Dean Howells, Henry James and Mark Twain – the three Giants of American Realism. 3. Characteristics concern for the world of experience（vs romantic fantasies), the commonplace and for the familiar and the low. truthful description of life, verisimilitude of details derived from observation of real life. objective rather than idealized view of human nature and experience ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -------- I. What is Transcendentalism? “What is popularly called Transcendentalism among us is idealism; idealism as appeared in 1842.”—Emerson emphasis on the spirit or the Oversoul (against the neglect of spiritual growth as a result of craze for material wellbeing – materialism 实利主义) importance of individualism 个人主义 (emphasis on self-reliance, self perfection,1)against Calvinist idea of God being the only savior; 2) against the dehumanization of individualism due to industrialization ) nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God (basis of American symbolism) the Transcendentalist Club --against the materialistic-oriented life of their time --an informal club --Emerson, Thoreau, Alcott and Fuller --radicals against the faith of materialism实利主义 and the rigid rationalism of Unitarianism （唯一神教论古板的理性主义）. the Dial -- to express their Transcendentalist views II. Source Ideas: Influence from German and French idealist philosophers such as Kant（康德）, Shelling（谢利）, Fichte (费希特), Cousin （库辛）and Collard（考拉）. Oriental mysticism as embodied in Hindu works Doctrine and philosophy of Chinese Confucius and Mencius. Dual heritage of American Puritanism 4-1) Edwardian notion of man’s inward communication of the soul with God and divine symbolism of nature find expression in Emersonian Transcendentalism 4-2) The Transcendentalist emphasis on the individual was traceable to the Puritan principle of self-culture自学 and self-improvement as best exemplified by the success story of Franklin—America’s first self-made man. “the infinitude of the private individual”—Emerson个人的发展潜力无限 “the least of men can rise”— Franklin人中最卑微者可以崛起 III. Significance of American Transcendentalism 1. It serves as ethical and cultural guide for the nation It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation throwing off the shackles of customs and traditions to develop a new and distinctly American culture. 2. It advocated idealism that was great needed then in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, with the desire to “get on” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height. 3. It helped to create the first American renaissance – one of the most prolific period in American literature. ------------------------------ ------------------------------ -------- 翻译成中文的话,3浪漫主义 7迷惘的一代 8现代主义 9黑色幽默 10自由诗 11无韵诗 12意识流