英语好的进,英语中有哪些介词,分别有哪些作用请细说,谢
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英语好的进,英语中有哪些介词,分别有哪些作用请细说,谢
英语好的进,英语中有哪些介词,分别有哪些作用
请细说,谢
英语好的进,英语中有哪些介词,分别有哪些作用请细说,谢
在英语中,介词(preposition)虽然是一种小词,但在作用和运用上的复杂性却不可小看.首先,可以毫不夸张地说,离开了介词的中介或连接作用,就无法表达某些最基本的思想或概念.以时间为例,大到年代,小到日月,要表示某些特定的时间或时刻,离开介词有时就会寸步难行.比如"今年"虽然可以说 this year,但要表达"在2000年",就不能省略介词,而要说in 2000;"这个月"是this month,但"6月里"则需要说in June;"今天"虽然有现成的today一词,而如果是"在6月5日"就要说"on June 5th","在星期五"就得用on Friday(但在某些新闻报道里这些介词也可以省略不用).再以位置为例,我们可以随便举出book和desk两个词,然后用介词表达出各种位置关系: the book on the desk(桌子上的书)、the book under the desk(桌子下面的书)、the book near the desk(桌子附近的书)、the book beside the desk(桌子旁边的书)等等.
介词不仅具有重要的表达意义的功能,而且在使用上也十分复杂.造成这种复杂现象的原因是多方面的.首先,单个介词(即由一个词语构成的介词,与此相对的是复合介词,比如upon,into,within,without等)本身的意义具有相当的复杂性,以in和on为例,in的基本意义是"在里面",表示一种范围,on的基本意义是"在上面",表示两种东西相接触,然而在speak in English(用英语说)和on the team(在队里当队员)两种形式中,in和on表达的则是引申意义;the boat on the lake指的是"湖上的船",但the cottage on the lake则表示"湖边的小屋".
其次,英语中的单个介词虽然只有60个左右,但这些介词却可以同其他词类灵活搭配,构成为数众多的短语形式:
1.介词加名词构成的短语,由称介词短语,如by accident(偶然地),on purpose(故意地),for example(例如)in conclusion(总之)等.
2.由名词加介词构成的短语,比如concern for(对……的关心),love for(对……的热爱),satisfaction with(对……满意),confidence in(对……的信任),loyalty to(对……的忠诚)等等.
3.由动词加介词构成的短语,例如insist on(坚持要……),differ from(不同于,区别于),distinguish between(区别,区分),benefit from(从……得到益处,受益于……),conform to(符合)等等.
4.由形容词加介词构成的短语,比如be keen on(对……很热衷),be worried about(为……而担心),be fond of(喜欢),be strict with(对……很严格),be loyal to(终于……)等等.
上述这些搭配形式大都具有固定性,运用时常常来不得半点差错.比如比如be interested只能和in搭配构成介词短语,according和instead只能分别与to和of搭配构成两种短语介词.
此外,英语中还有一类短语介词,也即由介词加其他此类构成的短语,但作用相当于一个介词,比如in front意思接近before,in spite of和despite是一个意思,apart from和意义也很相近等等.短语介词还有很多,再如according to(根据),along with(随同……一起),because of(由于),by means of(依靠),instead of(代替),in accordance with(与……一致,依据),on behalf on(代表),owing to(由于),together with(和……一起),with regard to(关于),as for(至于),as to(至于),in view of(鉴于),for the sake of(为了……),on account of(由于)等等.
最后,单个介词还可以用在一起,这种现象称为双重介词,比如from within(从……里边),from behind(从……后边),from inside(从……里边),from outside(从外边)等等.
其三,同一个介词和不同的词语搭配或者同一个词语和不同的介词结合都可以产生不同的意义,前者如be good at(善于),be bad at(不善于),后者如agree with sb.(同意某人),agree on sth.(同意某事);在有些情况下,同一个介词和不同的词语搭配或者同一个词语和不同的介词结合有时也能产生相同的意义,前者如depend on(依靠),rely on(依靠),count on(依靠),后者如be good at(善于),be skillful in(善于).
其四,有些结构用不用介词意义完全相同,比如consider后面的as就可以省略而意义不发生变化,而在有些结构中,有无介词意义则不完全相同,比如《红楼梦》中的刘姥姥初进大观园时会说:It is beautiful in here. 而贾府的丫鬟则会应酬说:Yes, it is beautiful here. 刘姥姥的话含有一种对比意义,即大观园和外面相比简直是两个世界,丫鬟已在贾府住习惯了,因此她的话就没有这种对比意义,所以刘姥姥就用了带有比较意义的 in here,而贾府的丫鬟则用了没有对比意义的here.
除上面提到的几点外,英汉语不同的表达习惯也增加了介词学习的复杂性,比如英语说in the sun, in the moon,汉语则说"在阳光下"(英语的under the sun是"普天之下"的意思)、"在月光下";英语说The sun rises in the east and sets in the west,汉语则说"太阳从东方升起,从西方落下",或者不用介词,干脆说成"太阳东升西落";英语中的the hole in the wall, the nail in the wall, the map on the wall三个短语中用了不同的介词,而汉语则都用一个"上"字来表达:墙上的洞、墙上的钉子、墙上的地图;汉语可以直接说打某人的某个部位,英语则要先说打某个人,然后再通过介词去打某个部位:beat sb. on the head(打某人的头),同样,英语要说抓着某人某个部位,就得先说抓着那个人,然后再用by来表示被抓着的部位grasp sb. by his hand(抓着某人的手);英语中有besides和except两个词语,汉语可以用"除了"一种形式来表达,但汉语的"除外"既可以指包括,又可以指排除,在这两种不同的情况下,英语就得分别用两个介词来表示:
We all went there besides John. 除了约翰我们也去了那里.(即约翰去了,我们也去了)
We all went there except John. 除了约翰我们都去了那里.(即我们都去了,但约翰没去)
最后,为了解释英语介词用法上的复杂性和灵活多样性,我们特以from一词为例来作进一步的说明.
1.表示纯粹的分离,作"分开"、"分离"、"隔开"、"离开"解,常构成下列表达形式:
separate the good from the evil(把好的和坏的分开)
remove from the city to the countryside(从城市移居乡村)
part from a friend(断交)
depart from one's hometown(背井离乡)
keep away from dangerous things(远离危险)
flee from prison(逃离监狱)
keep (stand. aloof from the society(离群索居)
rise from table(离席)
fall from a tree(从树上掉下来)
withdraw from a meeting(离会)
move from one place to another(从一处迁至另一处)
retire from one's work(退休)
live apart from other people(离群索居)
2.表示"消失"、"消除":
The plane soon disappeared from sight. 飞机很快消失不见了.
After hearing this, the smile fled from her face. 听到这里,她的笑容立即消失了.
Let us remove all doubts from our minds. 让我们消除相互间的猜疑吧.
3.表示"禁止"、"戒除"、"免除"、"解除"、"除去"、"使免除"、"使脱离"等,有时具有否定意义,常构成下列表达形式:
remove dirt from a table(除去桌子上的灰尘)
release sb. from his suffering(解除某人的痛苦)
clear the land from trees(伐去地上的树木)
free sb. from debts(免去某人的债务)
dismiss sb. from his service(解除某人的职务)
expel (dismiss) a student from school(开除学生)
be excused from punishment(被免去处罚)
be safe from danger(没有危险)
be secure from danger(没有危险)
be free from anxiety(无忧无虑)
rescue a person from danger(救人于危难)
deliver a person from danger(救人于危难)
4.表示"防止"、"阻止"、"阻碍"等,有时具有否定意义,常构成下列表达形式:
prevent sb. from doing sth.(防止、阻止某人做某事)
keep sb. from doing sth.(阻止某人做某事)
stop sb. from doing sth.(阻止某人做某事)
hinder sb. from doing sth.(妨碍某人做某事)
prohibit sb. from doing sth.(禁止、阻止某人做某事)
discourage sb. from doing sth.(劝阻某人不去做某事)
dissuade s. from doing sth.(劝阻某人不去做某事)
5.表示"不在"、"缺席"等:
be absent from a class(缺课) absent oneself from class(缺课)
be away from home(不在家) stay away from a place(不在某个地方)
6.与protect, guard, shelter, defend等动词搭配表示"保护":
An umbrella protects us from rains. 伞可以使我们不受雨淋.
The big tree sheltered them from the rain. 大树保护他们没有被雨淋湿.
7.表示"隐藏"、"隐蔽"、"隐瞒"等,常与hide, conceal等动词搭配:
As a student, you should have no secret from you teachers. 作为学生,你不应该有任何隐瞒老师的事.
The house was hidden from view by the trees. 那座房屋被树遮着了.
He always tries to conceal his poverty from others. 他总是设法不让别人知道自己的贫困.
8.与tell, know, distinguish, discriminate, differ, different等词语搭配表示"区别":
Chinese differs (is different) from Japanese in many ways. 汉语和日语在许多方面存在着差异.
It's not easy to tell a true friend from a false one. 辨别真假朋友不是件容易的事.
How would know an Englishman from an American? 你是怎么分辨英国人和美国人的?
You must learn to distinguish good from evil. 你必须学会辨别事情的好坏.
A little baby usually cannot discriminate one thing from another. 婴儿通常不能分辨两种东西.
上述情况表明,在英语学习过程中,介词的确是一种不可忽视的语言现象,首先,介词的重要性要求我们一定要努力学习与掌握,其次,介词运用上的复杂性和灵活性又要求我们在学习与掌握介词的过程中必须抱着慎之又慎态度认真.
现在分词(Present Participle)和过去分词(Past Participle)主要差别在于:
现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时,它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状...
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现在分词(Present Participle)和过去分词(Past Participle)主要差别在于:
现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时,它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。
【例如】
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.
分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词。
【例如】
Notshavingsenough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands).
Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6)
A)shavingsbelieved B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed
本句意思为:相信地球是平的,许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系,及分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此,应用现在分词,答案为B.
No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995,6)
A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed
本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演,可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系,应该用过去分词,故答案为B.
____as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (CET-4 1996,1)
A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published
本句中as引导的是让步状语从句,意思为:他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版,还是引起了关注,可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系,应该用过去分词,故答案为B.
2)“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。
【例如】
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work..
Once recovered, he threw himselfsintoshis work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam.If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3)分词作定语分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
【例如】
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.
The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack..
As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ____50 households or more. (CET-4 1998,1)
A)shavingsB) to have C) to have had D)shavingshad Town
后面由分词做定语,而且town本身有50或以上人家,故town与分词间为主谓关系,应该用现在分词,答案为A。
4)分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
【例如】
On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.
The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.
We should not leave him wondering what he should do.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
I caught him dozing off in class.
过去分词可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge动词等后面作宾语补足语。
【例如】
After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken.You should keep her informed of what is going on here.The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination.
在动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice,perceive,observe, listen to, look at后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。
【例如】
I saw Mr. White get off a bus.
I saw Mr. White lookingsintosa shop window.
——Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
——Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.
5)分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。
【例如】
The film“Pearl Harbor”is really exciting. I am excited about it.
His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt disappointed at his response.
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