8.Name two dynasties or major periods in Chinese history since the establishment of the centralized,bureaucratic empire.Give their dates and explain why these two dynasties or periods are worthy of an historian’s attention.(about 8 lines for each d

8.Name two dynasties or major periods in Chinese history since the establishment of the centralized,bureaucratic empire.Give their dates and explain why these two dynasties or periods are worthy of an historian’s attention.(about 8 lines for each d
8.Name two dynasties or major periods in Chinese history since the establishment of the centralized,bureaucratic empire.Give their dates and explain why these two dynasties or periods are worthy of an historian’s attention.(about 8 lines for each dynasty or period) [10 pts.]
9.Identify these passages and comment briefly on their meaning and significance (about 6-8 lines each) [20 points]:
(a) “Lead them by means of government policies and regulate them through punishments,and the people will be evasive and have no sense of shame.Lead them by means of virtue and regulate them through rituals and they will have a sense of shame and moreover have standards.”
This passage give the basic idea of how to dominant citizens.It is true
(b) “It is the custom of the Xiongnu to support themselves in ordinary times by following their flocks and hunting,but in times of hardship they take up arms to raid.This would appear to be their nature….Concern for propriety or duty does not inhibit their pursuit of advantage.Everyone,from the ruler on down,eats meat and dresses in leather or felt.The strongest eat the best food the old eat the leftovers.They honor the young and strong and despise the old and weak…” [Sima Qian]
(c) Laws exist to love the people; rites exist to make affairs go smoothly.Therefore,the sage does not stick to ancient laws if he can strengthen his state by changing them and does not keep ancient rituals if he can benefit the people by altering them.” [Book of Lord Shang]
(d) “Do not honor the worthy,/ And the people will not compete./
Do not value the rare treasures,/ And the people will not steal./
Do not display what others want,/ And the people will not have their hearts confused./
The sage governs this way:/
He empties people’s minds and fills their bellies./ He weakens their wills and strengthens their bones./
Keep the people always without knowledge and without desires,/ For then the clever will not dare act./ Engage in no action and order will prevail.

8.Name two dynasties or major periods in Chinese history since the establishment of the centralized,bureaucratic empire.Give their dates and explain why these two dynasties or periods are worthy of an historian’s attention.(about 8 lines for each d
第一题说出你认为中国历史上最重要的两个朝代,然后分析一下
这是个开放的题,只要言之有理即可；比如说唐代,对外国影响非常大,所以现在有的国家中国人叫唐人；元代,中国的疆域扩张的特别大.