虚拟语态的问题虚拟语态中,一,二,三人称都要用were吗?

虚拟语态的问题虚拟语态中,一,二,三人称都要用were吗?
虚拟语态的问题
虚拟语态中,一,二,三人称都要用were吗?

虚拟语态的问题虚拟语态中,一,二,三人称都要用were吗?
虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一.虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测.
Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气
⒈ 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件,是虚拟条件最普通的方式.
① 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形,例如：If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词,主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词,例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种,但并不排除存在条件和后果中,一个和现在情况相反,另一个和过去情况相反,例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高.
④ 但是,如果后果用了虚拟语气,而条件却用陈述语气,这种用法是错的.
⒉ 除了表示虚假条件外,if从句还可以表示对将来的推测,由于是将来还没有发生的,所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的,只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大.一般情况下,可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测,这个事实是完全可能发生的.If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形,例如：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级第44题）
⒊ 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去,而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构,这时候,如果出现not等否定词,否定词需放在主语后面.这种结构在口语中很少使用,但频频出现在各类考试中出现,例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
⒋ 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达,但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达,副词otherwise等表达出来.例如：We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.（1995年6月四级第46题）值得注意的是,包含but for的句子,谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式,但包含without等短语的句子,谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气.
⒌ 有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来,而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里,于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句,例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里,如果主句没有用虚拟语气,或者从句用了虚拟语气,都是错的.
Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气
⒈ 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中,需用虚拟语气.（wish后的that 常省略）,根据主句时态,从句谓语时态相应退后一位,例如：How she wished his family could go with him.
⒉ 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用(should) +动词原形.值得注意的是,如果宾语从句的动词是否定的,否定词not的位置应在动词之前,而不是动词之后.例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外,如suggest表达“暗示”,insist表示“坚持某种说法”时,后面的从句不用虚拟语气,例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外,上述动词也要求用虚拟式
① 在It is+上述动词的过去分词,其后所跟的主语从句中,如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
② 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词,其后的表语从句中,例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.
③ 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中,如：The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would （had）rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反,例如：I would rather he went right now.
Ⅲ其他形式的虚拟语气
⒈ it is +necessary等形容词后,that主语从句中虚拟形式使用,这类形容词包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等,例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用过去式,例如It is high time that you went to school
⒊ 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同）表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑,谓语动词用过去式.例如：He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况,谓语动词用过去完成式.
⒋ 在lest 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词多用虚拟语气,(should )+ 动词原形.例如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.（1998年1月四级第38题）
⒌ 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气.谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式.例如： Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.

在英语文法中有三种语气，即直述式语气(Indicative Mood)、 祈使语气 (Imperative Mood)和虚拟语气(Subjective Mood)，其中前两种我们早已熟悉了，这里则不多谈了，如： Howbeautiful she is! 则是直述式语气，而Hurry up! Don't hurry up 则是祈使语气。我们主要来看看虚拟语气的主要用法。虚拟语气主要是用来表达一种无法...

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在英语文法中有三种语气，即直述式语气(Indicative Mood)、 祈使语气 (Imperative Mood)和虚拟语气(Subjective Mood)，其中前两种我们早已熟悉了，这里则不多谈了，如： Howbeautiful she is! 则是直述式语气，而Hurry up! Don't hurry up 则是祈使语气。我们主要来看看虚拟语气的主要用法。虚拟语气主要是用来表达一种无法实现的愿望，一种与事实相反的情况，或者将不可能实现的，或可能性很小的事实，假想为事实予以表述。这样的动词结构称为虚拟语气。它主要有三种形式，即与现在事实相反的假设，与过去事实相反的假设，与将来事实相反的假设。它们具体结构如表8－7。
表8－7虚拟语气的构成
种类 条 件 句 结 构 主 句 结 构
与现在事实相反 动词用过去式
be 动词用 were should?could＋动词原形
would?might＋动词原形
与过去事实相反的 用had＋过去分词 should?could＋have＋过去分词
would?might＋have＋过去分词
与将来事实相反 动词用过去式
were to 加动词原形
should 加动词原形 should＋动词原形
would＋动词原形
表8－8虚拟语气其他习惯用法简表
种类 功用 句型 例句
虚?拟?语?气 表示主观愿望 主句谓语 宾语从句谓语动词 I wish we could go to the seaside today.
wish 现在 过去式
过去 had+过去分词 I wish I had gone to the basketball match.
将来 should?+动词原形
would?+动词原形
could?+动词原形
might+动词原形 I wished I could fly to the moon.?
I wish you would stay here a little longer.
would rather 现在 过去式 I would rather you came to my party tomorrow.
表示虚拟比较或方式 状语从句 从句动词形式 She looked after the orphan as if he were here own child.
as if, as though, even if 从句 与现实相反 过去式
与过去相反 had+过去分词 They're talking as if they had been friends for many years.
与将来相反 should?+动词原形
would?+动词原形
could?+动词原形
might+动词原形 The man looked worried, as though something would happen to him.
that, so that, ?in order that从句 may?+动词原形
might?+动词原形
can?+动词原形
could+动词原形 Turn on the light so that I could see it clearly. I warned him in order that he might keep away from the danger.
表示间接的命令、建议或请求 宾语从句 用于suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等之后 (should)+动词原形 They required that I (should) go at once. He suggested that the meeting (should) start earlier.
表语从句 主句中的主语常是：suggestion, idea, proposal, order, request等 My suggestion is that we should tell him. Our only request is that this problem(should) be settled as soon as possible.
同位语从句 They received an order that the work be stopped.
在主语从句中表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等 It is necessary (important, natural, strange 等) that… 主语从句中的动词形式： It is necessary that every member remember these rules.?
It is a great pity that he should be so careless.?
It is suggested that we should get everything ready by tonight.
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder 等) that… should+ 动词原形
It is suggested (requested, proposed 等) that…
表示祝愿或愿望 may+动词原形 May you succeed!
动词原形+宾语 Long live the People's Republic of China!
其他 It is time that+主语+should+动词原形
It is time that+主语+动词过去式 It's time that you should go home now.?
It is high time that we left.
1? 语法辨析
Incorrect: If I was a girl， I would marry you??
Correct: If I were a girl， I would marry you?
? 表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，if条件句中的be动词一律用were，这句话应译为我要是个女孩，我就嫁给你。实际上不可能是个女孩。
Incorrect: If I were you I will not worry??
Correct: If I were you I shouldn't worry??
? 现在时的虚拟语气主句要用should 或would 加动词原形，这句话应译为我要是你的话，就没有必要烦恼。要注意这种语态用在这里实际上是想把要讲出的观点表达得婉转些，有礼貌些。?
Incorrect: God forgives you!?
Correct: God forgive you!?
? 这里的主语 God 是第三人称单数，之所以动词不加 s 是因为要表达一种祝愿，即人力所不能及的事情，实际上是 forgive前有一助动词should， May 等，但在口语中将其省略了。如： May you be happy? 祝你幸福。?
Incorrect: If the weather was nice yesterday,
we would have gone to the zoo??
Correct: If the weather had been nice yesterday， we would have gone to the zoo??
? 因句中有 yesterday 一词即表示的是与过去相反的事实，即昨天天气很不好，我们也未去动物园，所以 if 条件句应用 had＋过去分词。?
Incorrect: If it is was not snowing right now,I will go for a walk??
Correct: If it was (were) not snowing right now， I would go for a walk?
? 虚拟语态 be 动词作助动词时，则可用was来取代were， 如 was to。虚拟语态中的动词如果是表示正在进行之中也要用进行时态。?
Incorrect: If you had taken my advice,
you would have been better now??
Correct: If you had taken my advice,
you would be better now??
? 这句话的意思是如果你以前要是能听我的忠告的话，你现在就会好多了。其条件句是与过去事实相反的虚拟句，而主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟句，这在语法书中叫做混合虚拟条件句。例如： If I had caught that plane， I would be dead now? 即： The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killed??
Incorrect: He were you， he would go home at once?
Correct: Were he you， he would go home at once
Correct: If he were you， he would go homeat once?
?? 在虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，但if省略后其句子的结构要采用倒装语序。
Incorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you with me? What does she think?
Correct: Supposing your teacher saw you with me， what might she think?
? 这句话中没有if条件句，但仍要用作虚拟语态。这里因为有些分词或介词短语，起到了从句的作用。这些短语有： without， providing, supposing， but for(you)…
Incorrect: To see the girl， you will like her??
Correct: To see the girl， you would like her?
?? 这里的条件句是用不定式取代了。?
Incorrect: I'm sorry? I did have come here by car?
Correct: I'm sorry? I should have come here bycar??
? 这里的条件句被省略了，其意为我真应该坐小车来。同样在句意不会混淆的情况下，主句也有时可以被省略，如：What if we should fail! (我们万一失败了如何)。 If he could do it, why not? (如果他能做，他怎么会不干呢?)?
Incorrect: If the earth were (was) to turn from east to west， I will
give you this car as a gift??
Correct: If the earth were(was) to turn from east to west? I would give you this car as a gift??
? 条件句中也常用were to 来表示说话者认为可能性极小或根本不可能的事。?
Incorrect: If you'd have told him early， he would have passed the exam?
Correct: If you had told him early， he would have passed the exam?
? 非正式口语中往往听见外国人讲：'d have＋p?p? (过去分词)但仍没有人认为它是正确的句子，不易为我们效仿。?
Incorrect: The little girl looked as if she would have seena ghost?
Correct: The little girl looked as if she had seen a ghost?
? 要注意的是 as if 从句中如果用虚拟语气，它的用法要与 if条件句的动词结构相同，即与现在事实相反动词用过去式，be 动词用were，而与过去事实相反的动词用had＋p?p? (过去分词)。 另外更要注意的是，并非所有 as if 从句都要用虚拟语气。如： Itlooks as if it is going to snow? (看天好像要下雪)即是真实条件句。?
Incorrect: I should have come here early， but I had beenbusy?
Correct: I should have come here early but I wasbusy?
?? but 是转折连词，其后的句子是真实句，而不是虚拟句。?
Incorrect: To tell the truth， I wish I know her address now??
Correct: To tell the truth, I wish I knew heraddress now?
? wish的宾语从句中要用虚拟结构，与现在事实相反的条件动词要用过去式，be动词用were，与过去事实相反的条件动词要用had＋过去分词。?如： I wished I had passed that exam??
Incorrect: His homework was written badly?
I wish he will do it better tomorrow??
Correct: His homework was written badly?
I wish he would do it better tomorrow??
? wish要用来表示对现状不满，希望将来有所改进，则要用would加动词原形。?
? 并非wish不能表达真正的祝愿，但是不能接从句，而要用双宾语，或不定式，
如：?I wish you luck? (双宾语)?
I wish you to be a good student??
I wish to see her at once??
Incorrect: I wish it will not be another failure??
Correct: I hope it will not be another failure??
Correct: I wish it would not be another failure
??? 要注意 hope 与 wish 的不同用法。?
2? 例题解析
〔例1〕If he on tourists for his business， he would have to close his shop??
A? depends B? will depend C? depended D?has depended?
〔答案〕C． 这是与现在事实相反的假设。应译为：如果他仅靠旅游来做生意的话，他早就要关门了。?
〔例2〕Had she been younger， she more beautiful??
A? had been B? might have been? C? might be D? would be?
〔答案〕B． 因其条件句是省去if的与过去事实相反的假设。?
〔例3〕If you that TV play last night， you wouldn't be sleepy??
A? haven't watched B? didn't watch?
C? hadn't watched D? wouldn't have watched?
〔答案〕C． 因是与过去事实相反的假设。应译为：昨晚你要是不看那个电视剧，你现在也不会这么困倦了。这是混合虚拟句，主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟。?
〔例4〕If it tomorrow， we will not go for the picnic??
A? will rain B? had rained C? rained D? rains?
〔答案〕D． 因其主句是将来时，所以条件句应用一般现在时表示将来。所以要注意的是有些真实条件句并没有虚拟的含意，不要乱用虚拟语态。
〔例5〕We had hoped that we go home at once??
A? did B? will C? / D? would?
〔答案〕D． had hoped 用来表达对过去未能实现的愿望，其宾语从句要用would加动词原形。?
〔例6〕I want to see her today??
I'd rather you ??
A? didn't B? do not C? don't D? do?
〔答案〕A． 'd rather 其后如直接接动词则用动词原形。如加宾语从句则从句中谓语动词要用过去式。?
〔例7〕It is very late， It's time
A? we have left B? we will leave
C? we left D? we leave?
〔答案〕C． 要注意It is (high/about) time 其后可接 for something, 如：It is time for supper. 或 for somebody to do something 也可接从句，但从句中的谓语动词要用过去式，有时也可用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。?
〔例8〕These typewritten papers are very neat??
I wish I type too， but I don't know how??
A? can B? may C? could D? will?
〔答案〕C． 因wish在从句中表示与现在相反的虚拟，所以要用would或could。?
〔例9〕It is important that he this work at once??
A? do B? does C? did D? will do?
〔答案〕A． 虚拟语气可以用来表示要求、建议、提议、命令、意愿等。在Itis ＋形容词(过去分词) ＋ 从句的结构中，从句中的谓语动词要用should加动词原形，其should在美语中经常省略。这样的形容词有： important， necessary， strange， natural。这样的过去分词有： demanded, requested, suggested， required， recommended。?
〔例10〕The teacher ordered that the students her??
A? obeys B? obeyed C? obeying D? obey?
〔答案〕D． 因带有命令要求口气的动词其宾语从句中的谓语动词也要用should加动词原形。其should在美语中则被省略。这样的动词有：ask， advise， demand， desire， insist， order， recommend, require， request， suggest…?
〔例11〕She rejected my suggestion that she her son the next week??
A? met B? will meet C? meet D? would meet
〔答案〕C． 因同位语从句的谓语动词要用should加动词原形。这是因为其前面的名词是由〔例10〕中的那些表示愿望、命令、建议的动词转化而来的。?
〔例12〕What's the matter with her??
I don't know but she looks she'd lost her boy friend??
A? that B? so that C? as D? as if?
〔答案〕D． 其意为她看上去好像是失掉了男朋友一样脸色不好看。?
〔例13〕You finally passed the exam??
Yes， your help. I would have not succeeded??
A? but that B? but for C? but if D? thanks to?
〔答案〕B． 由but for， without， supposing 等短语或连接词也可以引出虚拟语态。?
〔例14〕 today， he would get there by the weekend??
A? Would he leave B? Was he leaving?
C? Were he to leave D? If he leaves?
〔答案〕C． 如果条件句中if被省去，则要用倒装语序。be to在虚拟条件句中应用 were to 或 was to取代。?
〔例15〕I wish I to talk this over with him when he was here last night??
A? was able B? were able C? had been able D? should be able?
〔答案〕C． 在wish从句中要表达对过去事实的一种不可能实现的愿望时，要用 had 加过去分词。?
〔例16〕Jane appears as though she the secret??
A? knows B? has known C? is knowing D? had known?
〔答案〕D． 这是对过去事实的假设，as though ＝ as if
〔例17〕Her pale face suggested that she ill， and the teacher wanted to send her to the doctor's??
A? be B? should be C? were D? was?
〔答案〕D． 因 suggest 作建议讲时其宾语从句要用虚拟语气，但是作暗示则不要用虚拟语态。?
〔例18〕Without electricity， human life quite different today??
A? is B? be C? will be D? would be?
〔答案〕D． 由 without 介词短语引出的虚拟条件句，其主句如表示与现在事实相反，则用should， would加动词原形。?
〔例19〕He insisted that he do it alone??
A? wanted to B? want to C? should want to D? wants to?
〔答案〕A． 如果主句的主语与宾语从句的主语是同一个人时，insist从句中则不宜用虚拟语态。?
〔例20〕If it so hard， we'd go home??
A? isn't raining B? doesn't rain?
C? weren't raining D? isn't going to rain?
〔答案〕C．因is raining的过去时应为was raining，但在虚拟条件句中最好用were raining。
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第一人称是要用were的，第二用were第三用was.表示说话人对即将发生的事的猜测

虚拟预期用于if／if only ／Oh，that／wish to God （that）／Wish to heaven （that）等＋主语的从句中，其后的宾语也分为现在时，be －－were，do－－did；过去时，had＋p．p（过去分词）；将来时，would／should／could ＋动词原形．

是啊.