什么是过去完成进行式

什么是过去完成进行式
什么是过去完成进行式

什么是过去完成进行式
A 形式
过去完成进行时是由 had been＋现在分词构成,因此无人称变化：
I had/I’d been working
they had not/hadn’t been working
had you been working?
had you not/hadn’t you been working?
凡不能用于进行时的动词均不能有这种时态,但动词want（有时还有wish）除外：
The boy was delighted with his new knife．He had been wanting one fora long time．
男孩对新小刀很高兴.他早就想要一把了.
注意：这一时态没有被动语态,像They had been picking ap－ples（他们一直在摘苹果）这样的句子,最近似的被动式是Ap－ples had been picked（苹果已摘完）,实际上这两种说法意思并不相同.（参见下面B3.）
B 用法
过去完成进行时与过去完成时之间的关系,同现在完成进行时与现在完成时之间的关系相同.
1 表示动作在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始并持续到那一时刻或者在那一时刻之前刚刚停止时,常常可以用两个时态中的任一个
It was now six and he was tired because he had worked since dawn．
已经6点了,他感到很累,因为他从天亮起一直工作到现在.相当于：
It was now six and he was tired because he had been working since dawn．
那时正是6点,他因从一大早就干活而累了.
2 用过去完成时表示的反复的动作,有时可以作为一种连续的动作用过去完成进行时表示
he had tried five times to get her on the phone．
他曾试着打了五次电话要找她.
He had been trying to get her on the phone．
他一直在试着打电话找她.
3 一个用过去完成时表达的单一动作和一个用过去完成进行时表达的动作不同 By six o’clock he had repaired the engine．
到6点钟时他已经修好发动机了.（这项工作已经完成.）
但He had been repairing the engine（他一直在修理发动机）仅告诉我们他在前面的时间/前半小时里做什么,而并不告诉我们这项工作是否完成.
另一个区别是,由过去完成进行时表示的动作常持续进行直到或甚至超过说话的时间（这个时间是在过去）.而由过去完成时表示的动作虽可以发生在这一说话时间之前不久,但动作与说话之间可以有较长的时间间隔：
He had been painting the door．
他当时一直在油漆门.（油漆大概还未干.）
He had painted the door．

sb(某人）. had been doing sth（某事）.
过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近，它通常表示某个过去正在进行的动作或状态，持续到过去某个时刻，还未完成，一直持续到之后的当前才结束 He had been waiting for two weeks． He was still waiting．（有一个表示一段时间的状语） Up to that time he...

全部展开

sb(某人）. had been doing sth（某事）.
过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近，它通常表示某个过去正在进行的动作或状态，持续到过去某个时刻，还未完成，一直持续到之后的当前才结束 He had been waiting for two weeks． He was still waiting．（有一个表示一段时间的状语） Up to that time he had been translating those books．（He was still translating at “that time”．） He had been writing the letter till two o'clock． He was now thirty years old．He had been gambling since he was ten．（He was still gambling at thirty．） He had been standing there in the sun．（没有时间状语） He had been thinking about his marriage． 不过这种时态并不一定表示这个过去动作将持续下去： He came back at seven．He had been waiting for her two hours．（At seven he did not wait any more．） He stopped swimming．He had been swimming for the last three hours．
编辑本段特别含义
1）尚未完成： He had been writing the novel．（He had not finished it yet．） 2）企图： He had been studying the meaning of this proverb．（He was trying to study it．） 3）未得结果： We had been studying what our enemy had said．（But we were not able to understand it．） 4）最近情况： He had been quarrelling with his wife．（lately） 5）反复动作： He had been asking me the same question．（Many times） 6）情绪： What had he been doing？（不耐烦）
编辑本段特点
这种时态很少用在否定句中，而多以过去完成时代替： He had not practised English for many years．（普通说法） He had not been practising English for many years．（少见） 这种时态还可用在said，supposed等引起的间接引语中，代替现在完成进行时： He said，“I have been speaking to John．”＝ He said that he had been speaking to John． He thought，“She was watching me when I passed．”＝ He thought that she had been watching him when he had passed． 过去完成进行时经常与现在完成进行时混淆。 现在完成进行时 (The present perfect progressive) 由 have/has been +-ing 分词构成； 过去完成进行时（ The past perfect progressive tenses ）由 had been +-ing 分词构成． 现在／过去完成进行时的用法： A. 在某段时间内一直进行的动作用现在完成进行时来强调动作在某段时间里的持续性．动作通常有”现在”的结果，要根据上下文来确定到”现在”为止，动作是否还在继续进行．同样，过去完成进行时表示在过去更早时间内进行的动作,并对过去某一时刻产生结果。 B.表示重复动作的现在／过去完成进行时 我们也可以用完成进行时形式来表示现在或过去经常重复的动作 注意：过去完成进行时和过去完成时类似，需要有过去这一时间点。
编辑本段构成
过去完成进行时是由"had been + 现在分词"构成。 She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam. 她在考试之前一直患重感冒。 Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？ Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong. 尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事，但他还是挨骂了。
编辑本段用法
①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。 过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。 I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这东西我找了好多天才找着的。 They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came. 他们只等了一会儿车就来了。 ②表示反复的动作。 He had been mentioning your name to me. 他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。 You had been giving me everything. 你对我真是有求必应。 ③过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中(详见第12章)。 The doctor asked what he had been eating. 医生问他吃了什么。 I asked where they had been staying all those days. 我问他们那些天是呆在哪儿的。 ④过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句。 I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。 She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her. 她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。 I had been sleeping when my friend telephone me. 我正在睡觉时，我的朋友给我打电话。 1）现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如： We have been cleaning the classroom．（a） We have cleaned the classroom．（b） （a）句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。（b）句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了。”其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。又，（a）句表示教室刚刚打扫过，（b）句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。 Be careful! John has been painting the door．（a） John has painted the door．（b） （a）句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。（b）句则无此含义，油漆可能已干了。 （2）现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。如： They have been widening the road．（a） They have widened the road．（b） （a）句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成时有延续性（如一些属于持续体的动词），但无临时性质。如： Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978．（a） Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979．（b） （a）句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，（b）句则没有。 （3）但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质，如： My mother has been teaching English for twenty years．（a） My mother has taught English for twenty years.（b） （a）句在此并无临时性质，但较口语化。（b）句则较为正式。又，（a）句表示动作现在仍在继续．并将延续下去，（b）句的动作是否延续下去，须由上下文决定，但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。 （4）现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如： Have you been meeting her lately？（a） Have you met her lately？（b） （a）句有“经常相会”之意，（b）句则没有。（b）句如与often，every day等时间状语连用，当然也表示动作在重复。 （5）现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言。如： What have you been doing？（a） What have you done？（b） （a）句表示惊异。（b）句只是一个问题。 Have you been waiting long？（a） Have you waited long？（b） （a）句较（b）句生动。又，（a）句比较口语化。 I have been wanting to meet you for long．（a） I have long wanted to meet you．（b） （a）句比（b）句更亲切，更有礼貌。 Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly．（a） Recently Mary has done her work regularly．（b） （a）句显然是在表扬玛丽。（b）只说明一个事实。 下面还有一例，颇为有趣: Who's been eating my apples？（a） Who's eaten my apples？（b） （a）句有强烈的感情色彩，表示愤怒不满，（b）句只是希望回答的一个问题。又，（a）句兼有进行时态，所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思，（b）句是完成时态，说明“苹果一个不剩了”。 过去完成时 1） 概念：表示过去的过去 过去完成时：即过去的过去所发生的事情！ 其构成是主语+had +过去分词。 那时以前 那时 现在 2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本……，未能……" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 过去完成时的用法（2） 表示过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作，常与由when，before等连词引导的时间状语从句连用。 When I woke up it had already stopped raining. 我醒来的时候雨就已经停了。 I hadn't learned any English before I came here. 我来这儿之前没学过英语。 常用于引导这类状语从句的连词有：when当……的时候，as soon as一…就， before在……之前，after在……之后，until直到，等。 过去完成时的用法（3） 用于宾语从句或间接引语中 I wondered who had taken the umbrella without permission. 我想知道谁不经允许就把雨伞拿去。 He told me that he had passed the exam. 他告诉我他已通过考试。 过去完成时的用法（4） 某些动词的过去完成时表示一个打算要做却没有做成的事。 I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn't get away. 昨晚我本打算来看你，但有人来找，脱不开身。 We had hoped to catch the early bus, but found it was gone. 我们本希望搭早班车，却发现车已开了。 这类动词有：intend打算，hope希望，plan计划，mean预定，want想要， think想要，等。 过去完成时的用法（5） 用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句中 If you had come yesterday, you would have met him. 如果你昨天来的话，你就已经见到他的面了。 She would have come if she hadn’t been so busy. 要不是这么忙的话，她就已经来了。 It was given by him! But I didn't want to accept! This kind of idea had never been thought about before yesterday! She will have been left by you at this time of tomorrow. The bicycle is being repaired by you!!! 第一个是一般过去时的被动语态。（一般现在时和一般将来时与其类似，只是be动词的区别罢了【即was/were与will be与is/are的区别） 第二个是过去完成时的被动语态。（现在完成时与其类似） 第三个是将来完成时的被动语态。 第四个是现在进行时的被动语态。但是，一般来说，这种情况在英语表达中是非常之少的。

收起