有关马克吐温的事迹以及写作风格作品等,要英语的.

有关马克吐温的事迹以及写作风格作品等,要英语的.
有关马克吐温的事迹以及写作风格作品等,要英语的.

有关马克吐温的事迹以及写作风格作品等,要英语的.
Mark Twain - A Brief Assessment
As one of America's first and foremost realists a humorists,Mark Twain,the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens usually wrote about his own personal experiences and and things he knew about from firsthand experience.His life spanned the two Americas,the frontier America that produced so much of national mythology and the emerging urban,industrial giant of the 20th century.At the heart of Twain's achievement is his creation of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn,who embody the mythic America,midway between the wilderness and the model state.
The Gilded Age,came in 1873.It was one of the first novels,which tried to describe the new morality (or immorality) of post-Civil War America.One of the new elements of this novel is that it creates a picture of the entire nation,rather than of just one region.Although it has a number of Twain's typically hu­morous characters,the real theme is America's loss of its old idealism.The book describes how a group of young people is morally destroyed by the dream of becoming rich.
Twain,the third of five children,was born on Novel 1835,in the village of Florida,Missouri,and grew up in t river town of Hannibal,that mixture of idyll and nigh and around which Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn live i adventure-filled summers.Hannibal was dusty and quit large forests nearby which Twain knew as a child and uses in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)w kidnaps Huck and hides out in the great forest.The sit which passed daily were the fascination of the town am the subject matter of Twain's Life on the Mississippi (1?town of Hannibal is immortalized as St.Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876).Twain's father was an ambitious and respected mildly successful country lawyer and storekeeper.He v ever,a highly intelligent man who was a stern disci?Twain's mother,a southern belle in her youth,had ; ley Warner,
In 1870,Twain married Olivia Langdon.They finished their Hartford mansion and moved into it in 1871.Their infant son Langdon died in 1872,the year Susy,their first daughter,was born.Her sisters,Clara and Jean,followed in 1874 and 1880.Twain's most productive years as a novelist came in this period,when his daughters were young and he was prospering.His The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was a story about "bad boys?a pop­ular theme in American literature.The two young heroes,Tom and Huck Finn,are "bad" only because they fight against the stu­pidity of the adult world.In the end they win.Twain creates a highly realistic background for the story.We get to know the vil­lage very well with its many colorful characters,its graveyards and the house in which a ghost is supposed to exist.Although there are many similarities between Tom and Huck,there are al­so important differences.Twain studies the psychology of his characters carefully.Tom is very romantic.His view of life comes from books about knights in the Middle Ages.A whistle from Huck outside Tom's window calls him out for a night of adventures.Afterwards,Tom can always return to his Aunt Polly's house.Huck has no real home.By the end of the novel,We can see Tom growing up.Soon,he will also be a part of the adult world.Huck,however,is a real outsider.
Some critics complain that Twain wrote well only when he was writing about young people.They say that his psychology was really only child psychology.This may be true.But in his greatest novel.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,Twain gives the national heart.Most agree ,however,that it鈥檚 from even deeper currents.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,is Twain's best book because,for whatever reasons,he brought together in it,with the highest degree of artistic balance,those most fundamental dualities running through his work and life from start to finish.
In his later novels,Twain seems less hopeful about democra­cy.In A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889),the hero is the boss of a factory.He is hit on the head and wakes up in sixth-century England.Because he is a nineteenth-century in­ventor,he begins to modernize this world,and because he knows so much,he becomes a kind of dictator,called "the Boss".In many ways,Twain seems to be praising both the technology and the leadership of the bosses of American business during the "Gilded Age".Like Twain Twain's hero,these bosses thought they knew more than the ordinary people of society.
By 1890,Twain's financial fortunes were crumbling,mostly owing to bad investment in a publishing firm and in the Paige typesetter.In 1891,Twain closed the Hartford mansion,sold the furniture,and went to Europe to economize.While he was lectur­ing in Europe,his daughter Susy died,and his wife,Livy,shortly afterward suffered a nervous collapse from which she never re­covered.Twain blamed him for bringing on his beloved family the circumstances that led to both tragedies.Twain's pessimism grew deeper and deeper.His abiding skepticism about human natrue deepened to cynicism and found expression in those dark stories of his last years,"The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg" and "The Mysterious Stranger".In the former,Twain describes a town that had been famous for its honesty".In the end,everybody in town has lied in order to get a big bag of gold.In the latter,published in 1916 after Twain's death,an angel visits three boys in an English village in the Middle Ages.He becomes their friend and shows them evil of mankind.After destroying their innocent happiness,he finally announces that he is Satan.Twain saw human nature as a kind of machine; "I see no great difference between a man and a watch,except that a man is conscious and a watch is not."Human evil comes from something being wrong with that machine.Throughout all of Twain's writing,we see the conflict between the ideals of Americans and their desire for money.But Twain never tried to solve the conflict.He is like a newspaperman who reports what he sees.His humor was often rather childish.This may bespeak why the critic P.Abel said:"Twain was ably and an old man,but never was he a man."
His literature explored questions of freedom,independence,and identity.In a steady evolution,lie moved from the confidence and self-reliance of the brash westerner to the questioning and contradictory stance of the agnostic,until he could write in his notebook in the last years of the century,"The human race consists of the damned and the ought-to-be-damned." It could be argued that,almost single-handedly,he liberated American fiction from the rigid conventions of the mid nineteenth century-its stilted dialogue,its stereotyped characters,its didactic impulse,its optimistic impetus.At the same time,lie lowered 'American literature to the plane of the mass audience and elevated it to a distinct,in digamous height which no one else has reached.
One of the great writers of American literature,Twain is admired for capturing typical American experiences in a language which is realistic and charming.Howells was one of Twain's early admirers,and he wrote the following on Twain's style:"So far as I know,Mr.Clemens is the first writer to use in extended writing the fashion we all use in thinking,and to set down the thing that comes into his mind without fear or favor of the thing that went before or the thing that may be about to follow." Most of the critical attention has been given to Huck Finn,Clemens' greatest achievement.This book concerns itself with a number of themes,among them the quest for freedom,the transition from adolescence into adulthood,alienation and initiation,criticism of pre-Civil War southern life.A remarkable achievement of the book is Clemens' use of American humor,folklore,slang,and dialects.There is critical debate,however,concerning the ending of the book - some call it weak and ineffective,others feel it is appropriate and effective.

你在提问中所说到的马克吐温是美国著名的作家。他的文学生涯很长，因此发表过的作品也有很多。下面我就根据我所掌握的情况以及你在提问当中的要求来把马克吐温的作品大致分一下类：
短篇：处女作《拓殖者大吃一惊的花花公子》、《百万英磅》、《竞选州长》、《哥尔斯密的朋友再度出洋》《卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙》、《康涅狄克焦最近的狂欢节上的罪行纪实》(他的短篇太多了，仅举几例)
中篇《败坏赫德莱堡...

全部展开

你在提问中所说到的马克吐温是美国著名的作家。他的文学生涯很长，因此发表过的作品也有很多。下面我就根据我所掌握的情况以及你在提问当中的要求来把马克吐温的作品大致分一下类：
短篇：处女作《拓殖者大吃一惊的花花公子》、《百万英磅》、《竞选州长》、《哥尔斯密的朋友再度出洋》《卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙》、《康涅狄克焦最近的狂欢节上的罪行纪实》(他的短篇太多了，仅举几例)
中篇《败坏赫德莱堡的人》、《艰难历程》
长篇：《傻子国外旅行记》、《镀金时代》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》、《哈克贝里·芬历险记》、《王子与贫儿》、《密西西比河上的生活》、《傻瓜威尔逊》、《在亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》、《冉·达克》
侦探汤姆.索亚》
游记：《国外旅游记》、《赤道游记》
剧本：《阿星》
回忆录：《格兰特回忆录》
自传：当然还有他的自传
以上分类除了我自己的阅读之外，主要依据的是许汝社编译《马克·吐温年表》。马克吐温的创作年表如下：
1852．5．1 《拓殖者大吃一惊的花花公子》发表于波士顿的幽默周刊《手提包》上。这是赛缪尔·克莱门斯的处女作。
（自学的马克·吐温在印刷所当学徒、排字时，即开始练笔，发表这个处女作时年17岁。——译者）
1864．6 移居旧金山，在《晨报》工作。开始为《旧金山人》写稿，时主编为小说家勃勒特·哈特。
1865．11．18 纽约的《星期六邮报》发表了马克·吐温的《卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙》。各处纷纷转载，马克·吐温开始在国内取得名声。
1867．4．25 查尔斯·韦勃出版了马克·吐温的第一本书《卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙和其它随笔》。
1869．7 马克·吐温的《傻子国外旅行记》出版，发行者为易里夏·勃里斯。
1872．2 《艰难历程》由勃里斯的美国出版公司出版。
1873年冬 马克·吐温与作家查尔斯·特德雷·华纳合作，写了《镀金时代》。华纳为其在哈特福特的邻居。
1873．12 《镀金时代》出版。发行者为美国出版公司的勃里斯。
（为美国历史上的一个时代起一个幽默而讽刺的名字，并为世人所认同，尚乏先例——译者）
1874年夏 马克·吐温开始写《汤姆·索亚历险记》，并把《镀金时代》编成剧本。当时是在纽约的埃尔弥拉附近的夸雷农庄。
1876．1 《康涅狄克焦最近的狂欢节上的罪行纪实》在《大西洋月刊》上发表。
1876年夏 马克·吐温开始写《赫克尔贝里·芬历险记》，地点在夸雷农庄。
1876．10 与勃勒特·哈特合作写喜剧《阿星》。十二月完成，但两人的友谊从此难以维持。
1876．12 《汤姆·索亚历险记》由勃里斯出版。时间是在交稿后一年以上，这样就没有能赶上圣诞节的好生意季节。马克·吐温开始考虑换一家出版商出版其著作。
1877．7．31 《阿星》在纽约的“第五条街剧院”演出。五周后停演，演出者在钱财上有亏损。
1877．11 开始写《王子与贫儿》。
1878年春—1879年夏 全家往欧洲旅行，特别是游了德国。为《国外旅游记》收集了材料。
1880．3 《国外旅游记》出版。出版者为美国出版公司的勃里斯。
1881．12 《王子与贫儿》出版。出版者为波士顿的詹姆斯·勒·奥斯谷特。
1882．4 马克·吐温重访密西西比河上，以便为其《密西西比河上的生活》的下半部收集材料。他遍访密西西比河流域，一直到五月底。
1883年夏 马克·吐温在夸雷农庄完成了《赫克尔贝里·芬历险记》的写作。《密西西比河上的生活》由奥斯谷特出版。
1885．2．18 《赫克尔贝里·芬历险记》由惠勃斯特出版公司出版。
1885．3 麻省康谷尔顿的图书委员会称《赫克尔贝里·芬历险记》为“无聊之作，只能供贫民窟阅读”。不得放在书架上，从而开始了禁书的一段历史，其影响直至今日。虽然如此，到五月份时，《赫克》出售了五万一千本。
（按，这样的禁书是个别单位的，并非全国性的——译者）
1885．12 惠勃斯特公司出版了《格兰特回忆录》，格兰特一家收益四十万元，
使得他们能免于破产。马克·吐温也深信自己有经商的天才。
（格兰特将军，1869—1877任总统。格兰特与马克·吐温交谊较深——译者）
1886．1 马克·吐温开始写《在亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》。
1889．12 《在亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》由惠勃斯特出版公司出版。
1894．4．16 《汤姆·索亚在国外》由惠勃斯特公司出版。
1894．11 《傻瓜威尔逊》由美国出版公司出版。
1896．5 《冉·达克》由哈泼公司出版。
1896．11 《侦探汤姆.索亚》由哈泼公司出版。
1897．11 《赤道游记》由美国出版公司出版。
1901．2 《致坐在黑暗中的人》在《北美评论》上发表。
（这是马克·吐温反对帝国主义在世界各地实行侵略的名篇——译者）
1910年冬春 马克·吐温健康恶化。
1910．4．21 马克·吐温因狭心症不治逝世。

收起