英语翻译The wastage occurring through storage,conveyance anddistribution ultimately results in delivery of 30–35% of storedwater for plant uptake (Patil,1988; Anbumozhi et al.,2001).The traditional flood or ridge and furrow method of irrigating

英语翻译The wastage occurring through storage,conveyance anddistribution ultimately results in delivery of 30–35% of storedwater for plant uptake (Patil,1988; Anbumozhi et al.,2001).The traditional flood or ridge and furrow method of irrigating
英语翻译
The wastage occurring through storage,conveyance and
distribution ultimately results in delivery of 30–35% of stored
water for plant uptake (Patil,1988; Anbumozhi et al.,2001).The traditional flood or ridge and furrow method of irrigating fields suffers from numerous problems such as considerable seepage (Moolman,1985; Hodgson et al.,1990; Kahlown and Kemper,2004),conveyance and evaporation loss (Rijo and Almeida,1993; Singh et al.,2006); higher energy cost; lower water productivity; irrigation-induced soil erosion (Ferna´ndez- Go´mez et al.,2004),and leaching of costly agricultural inputs causing subsurface water pollution (Humphreys et al.,1989).Moreover,this method is supply driven rather than crop-demand driven causing mismatch between need of the crop and the quantity of water supplied.The decrease in the availability of water for agriculture,coupled with the requirement for the higher agricultural productivity,means that there is no option but to improve the water use efficiency.This has to include an efficient utilization of available water which otherwise would evaporate or percolate from the root zone of the soil.
The recent advances in irrigation technology have made inroads in the cultivation of vegetables and horticultural crops.The frontier technology of micro-irrigation system (MIS) not only provides higher water productivity but also minimizes the problems associated with the traditional irrigation system.The Hill and Mountain agro-ecosystem is characterized by very little irrigated land and difficult terrain.The prevailing terrace cultivation in the region provides ample scope for gravity-fed MIS (Bhatnagar and Srivastava,2003).This minimizes the fuel-based energy or electricity requirement in operation of MIS which further increases profitability.
Based on the diversified range of great altitudinal variations,the hill region of NW Himalaya can be distinctly categorized under tropical,sub-tropical,temperate and alpine zones.The climate of the hills varies greatly depending on altitude and slope aspect.Enhancing and sustaining the productivity of hill agriculture is a major challenge as agriculture is practiced under ecologically fragile environments.
Cultivation is carried out under dramatic altitudinal,climatic and topographical variations and these factors lead to a multitude of socio-economic and physical problems.The present study envisaged the scope of water resources development and its utilization in crop production through gravityfed MIS by enhancing water use in the mid-hill and high hill conditions of NW Himalaya.

英语翻译The wastage occurring through storage,conveyance anddistribution ultimately results in delivery of 30–35% of storedwater for plant uptake (Patil,1988; Anbumozhi et al.,2001).The traditional flood or ridge and furrow method of irrigating
发生的消耗量通过储存、运输和
最终的结果在交货的分布30-35%贮存
植物吸收水,1988年,Anbumozhi帕蒂尔(2001):《.传统的洪水或脊和皱纹的灌溉领域的方法等问题,患有众多,1985年Moolman渗流(相当;诺等,1990;Kahlown和Kemper,2004年)、运输、蒸发损失(Rijo和Almeida,1993,辛格等,2006年);更高的能源成本,降低水的生产力;(Ferna irrigation-induced土壤侵蚀之ndez -去之mez等,2004年)、浸出奢华的农业投入引起地下水水质污染(汉弗雷斯等,1989年9月初版.而且,这种方法是供给推动的,而不是crop-demand驱动导致不相匹配的需要和水量供给.减少对农业的要求,结合高等农业生产率,意味着没有选择,只能提高水分利用效率.这包括一个有效利用现有水资源的,否则会蒸发掉或percolate从根区土壤.
在近年来灌溉技术已经开始出现在种植蔬菜和园艺作物.前沿技术的微灌系统(MIS)不仅提供更高的效率,但也使这个问题与传统的灌溉系统.小山,山上农业生态系统的特点是非常小的土地灌溉和复杂的地形.流行的阳台栽培在达尔富尔地区提供充足的范围(Bhatnagar自给的信息管理系统(MIS),2003年,一些.这使这个燃料能源和电力需求的信息管理系统(MIS),从而进一步增加经营利润.
基于广泛的巨大变化,山海拔地区喜马拉雅可以明显分门别类的北热带、亚热带气候下,高山地带.气候的变化极大依靠山海拔和坡.生产力的提高和保持了希尔是一个巨大的挑战为农业是农业生态脆弱的环境下训练.
栽培条件下进行戏剧性的城市,气候和地形变化,这些因素导致大量的社会经济和身体的问题.目前的研究设想的范围、水资源开发利用的信息管理系统(MIS)gravityfed作物生产通过加强水资源可持续利用的mid-hill和高山条件的喜马拉雅山西北.