求助一篇关于建筑的中英文对照论文字数不要太多 2000到三千即可 只要是建筑类就可以·····谢谢!

求助一篇关于建筑的中英文对照论文字数不要太多 2000到三千即可 只要是建筑类就可以·····谢谢!
求助一篇关于建筑的中英文对照论文
字数不要太多 2000到三千即可 只要是建筑类就可以·····谢谢!

求助一篇关于建筑的中英文对照论文字数不要太多 2000到三千即可 只要是建筑类就可以·····谢谢!
建筑工程项目分承包管理方式的探讨 闻迅 关键词：项目、项目管理、总承包商（总包商）、分承包商（分包商）、建筑市场分包体系、矩阵式组织结构、合同管理、目标管理提要：随着建筑工程项目化管理更加深入,项目管理的科学方法应用更加广泛,建筑业向更高层次发展,建立完善的建筑业专业分包体系,将是我国建筑市场发展的必然趋势,笔者认为在目前的环境中,采用集权式的公司发包,授权项目的实施管理,采取矩阵式的组织管理结构,着重于合同管理和生产过程目标管理的方式,是较为有效的分包管理形式. 一.项目的概念及特征、项目管理、建筑工程项目管理特点（一）项目的概念 “项目”的提法由来以早,建筑业及军事领域最早运用项目管理的工具和方法.项目的定义有多种,但都围绕着项目的基本概念而归纳的.ISO10006中规定项目为“具有独特的过程,有开始和结束时间,由一系列相互协调和受控的活动组成.过程的实施是为了达到规定的目标,包括满足时间、费用和资源的约束性条件.” 美国项目管理协会PMI在PMBOOK（2000版）给出的定义为：“项目是为了完成某一独特的产品或服务而作的一次性努力.” 德国国家标准DIN69901地应项目为“项目是指总体上符合下列条件的具有唯一性的任务.（具有预定目标,具体的时间、财务人力和其它限制条件,具有专门的组织）.” （二）项目的特征 1.独特和唯一性的任何项目所处的时间、地点、环境、参与的人、目的均各不相同,他们因项目二临时联系起来.就象“人没有相同的两个人”一样,是独特和唯一的.另外项目在进行过程中,所发生的事件、冲突和矛盾都不相同,所以对参与项目的人或物来说,每个项目都是独特的.因其在发展变化上的独特性,项目也是唯一的. 2. 生命周期项目均具有明确的开始时间和结束时间.一般的,在这其中任何项目均具备四个阶段,即概念、计划、实施、结束四阶段,就如生命的孕育、出生、成长、成熟、消亡一样,项目周而复始,每个阶段都有相应不同的特点.现代,又将四阶段扩展为五阶段：“概念、计划、实施、结束、运行和维护”. 3.明确的目标项目活动均是“为了完成某一独特的产品或服务”,所以项目具有明确是目标,如建筑工程的质量、工期、成本文明施工目标.目标之间可能是相互矛盾和约束的,但又统一于项目内,目标具有约束性,项目活动就是要在受着许多约束和限制的条件下,完成诸多相互冲突矛盾的,但又不得不完成的任务.项目管理的结果就是在目标间求得一种平衡的结果.目标可以分解,总的目标由多层次的分目标组成. 4.系统组织项目是一个整体,项目各个组成部分相互影响,相互约束,形成一个完整的系统,并且项目都是在有组织的背景下产生的,如建筑工程项目都是在某建筑公司的组织内被组织和管理的,所以项目是一个有组织的整体系统. 5.不确定性项目是独特的,且是唯一的,项目发展没有固定先例.
Construction project management sub-contracting of Wen Xun Keywords: project, project management, general contractor (general contractor), sub-contractors (subcontractors), the construction market sub-system, matrix organizational structure, contract management , the target management Abstract: With the construction projects in greater depth of management, project management of more extensive application of scientific methods, the construction industry to a higher level of development, set up a sound system of construction specialist sub-contractors will be building market development in China are the inevitable trend, I think in the current environment, the use of centralized contract-style company, authorized the implementation of the project management, to take the matrix-style organization and management structure, focused on contract management and production process management by objectives approach is a more effective management of subcontractors form. 1. The concept and characteristics of the project, project management, construction project management features (1) project concept "project" was the origin of a morning, the building industry and the military field, the earliest use of project management tools and methods. The definition of the project has a wide range, but they all revolve around the basic concept of the project and summarized. ISO10006 in the project as "a unique process that has the beginning and end of time, by a series of coordinated and controlled the activities of the composition. The process of implementation are in order to achieve the objectives set, including the needs of time, cost and resource binding conditions. "American Project Management Institute PMI at PMBOOK (2000 version) give the definition as:" projects are completed for a unique product or service for a one-time effort. "German National Standard DIN69901 and should project as a" project are refers to the following conditions are met on a unique mission. (with the intended target, a specific time, financial and other restrictions on human conditions, with specific organizations). "(b) the characteristics of the project 1. a unique and uniqueness any item in which the timing, location, environment, participation of people, the aim should vary, they are linked to project the Second Provisional. As "people do not have the same two people", is unique and unique. In addition the project during the course of events, conflicts and contradictions are not the same, so for example people or things involved in the project, each project is unique. At the development and changes on its uniqueness, the project is also unique. 2. The life cycle of projects have specific start and end times. In general, and in this one of any of the items are available in four phases, namely, the concept, planning, implementation, ending four stage of life such as breeding, birth, growth, maturity, like the demise of the project cycle, each stage has a corresponding different characteristics. Modern, will be extended to four stages of five stages: "the concept, planning, implementation, end of operation and maintenance." 3. Specific objectives of the project activities are "for the completion of a unique product or service," so the project with a clear goal, such as construction quality, duration and cost goals of civilized construction. Between the objectives may be contradictory and constraints, but are united in the project, the target of a binding nature, the project activity is to much suffering and limit the conditions, the completion of the many contradictions in conflict with each other, but had to be completed task. The results of project management is to achieve a balance between the objectives of results. Goals can be decomposed, the overall target from multi-layered composition of the sub-goals. 4. System project is a whole organization, project the various components of the mutual influence, mutual constraints, form a complete system, and projects are organized at the background, such as construction projects are at a construction company organizations are organized and managed, so the project is an organized system as a whole. 5. Uncertainty projects are unique, and is the only project the development of no fixed precedent.